Voiceless glottal fricative

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Template:For Template:Infobox IPA

The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate,[1][2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angle bracket, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h, although [h] has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:

Template:Bq

Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[3]

Features

Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

  • In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticiansTemplate:Who no longer consider [h] to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
  • It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [h], and [h] has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.

Template:Voiceless Template:Oral Template:Central-lateral Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe Shapsug lang}} [həɡʲ] 'now' Corresponds to [x] in other dialects.
Albanian lang}} [hiɾɛ]Template:Fix 'the graces'
Arabic Modern Standard[4] lang}} [ˈhaːʔɪl] 'enormous' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[5] lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'Armenian'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic lang}} [hajmaːnuːtʰa] 'faith'
Asturian lang}} [ˈɣwahe̞] 'child' Mainly present in eastern dialects.
Avar lang}} [ha] 'oath'
Basque North-Eastern dialects[6] lang}} [hiɾur] 'three' Can be voiced Template:IPAblink instead.
Bengali lang}} [hao̯a] 'wind'
Berber lang}} [ahərkus] 'shoe'
Chechen lang}} / {{#invoke:lang|lang}} [hɑrɐ] 'this'
Chinese Cantonese lang}} / {{#invoke:lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'sea' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin lang}} / {{#invoke:lang|lang}} Template:Audio-IPA Can be a velar fricative [x] for some speakers. See Standard Chinese phonology
Danish[3] lang}} [ˈhuːˀs] 'house' Often voiced Template:IPAblink when between vowels.[3] See Danish phonology
English high [haɪ̯] 'high' See English phonology and H-dropping
Esperanto lang}} [hejmo] 'home' See Esperanto phonology
Eastern Lombard Val Camonica lang}} [brɛhɔ] 'Brescia' Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
Estonian lang}} [hɑmˑɑs] 'tooth' See Estonian phonology
Faroese lang}} [hoːn] 'she'
Finnish lang}} [hɑmːɑs] 'tooth' See Finnish phonology
French Belgian lang}} [ˈhɔt] 'pannier' Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology
Georgian[7] lang}} [hɑvɑ] 'climate'
German[8] lang}} [has] 'hatred' See Standard German phonology
Greek Cypriot[9] lang}} [mahaˈzi] 'shop' Allophone of /x/ before /a/.
Hawaiian[10] lang}} [haka] 'shelf' See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew lang}} [har] 'mountain' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi Standard[4] lang}} [ˈhəm] 'we' See Hindustani phonology
Hmong lang}} [haɨ̰] 'to honor'
Hungarian lang}} [hɛjɛʃ] 'right' See Hungarian phonology
Italian Tuscan[11] lang}} [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] 'the captains' Intervocalic allophone of /k/.[11] See Italian phonology
Japanese lang}} / {{#invoke:lang|lang}} [su͍hada] 'bare skin' See Japanese phonology
Korean lang}} / {{#invoke:lang|lang}} [hɐɾu] 'day' See Korean phonology
Kabardian lang}} [tχɪɬhɑ] 'books'
Lakota lang}} [ho] 'voice'
Lao lang}} [haː˧˩] 'five'
Leonese lang}} [ˈwahe̞] 'boy'
Lezgian lang}} [hek] 'glue'
Limburgish Some dialects[12][13] lang}} [hɔːs] 'glove' Voiced Template:IPAblink in other dialects. The example word is from the Weert dialect.
Luxembourgish[14] lang}} [hɑ̝ɪ̯] 'here' See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay lang}} [hari] 'day'
Mutsun lang}} [hut͡ʃɛkniʃ] 'dog'
Navajo lang}} [hàsd̥ìːn] 'mister'
Norwegian lang}} [hɑtː] 'hat' See Norwegian phonology
Pashto lang}} [ho] 'yes'
Persian lang}} [hæft] 'seven' See Persian phonology
Pirahã lang}} [hì] 'he'
Portuguese Many Brazilian dialects[15] lang}} [maˈhetɐ] 'sledgehammer' Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects lang}} [ˈhõ̞dɐ] 'Honda'
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) lang}} [ˈahtʃ] 'art'
Colloquial Brazilian[16][17] lang}} [ɕuˈvihku] 'drizzle' Corresponds to either /s/ or /ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
Romanian lang}} [həts] 'bridle' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian Croatian[18] lang}} [hmê̞ʎ̟] 'hops' Allophone of /x/ when it is initial in a consonant cluster.[18] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[19] Andalusian lang}} [ˈhiɣo̞] 'fig' Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.
Many dialects lang}} [o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞] 'bishop' Allophone of /s/. See Spanish phonology
Some dialects lang}} [ˈhaka] 'pony' Corresponds to /x/ in other dialects.
Swedish lang}} [ˈhatː] 'hat' See Swedish phonology
Sylheti lang}} [hamux] 'snail'
Thai lang}} [haː˥˩] 'five'
Turkish lang}} [häˈɫɯ] 'carpet' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh [dwaha] 'prayer' See Ubykh phonology
Urdu Standard[4] lang}} [ˈhəm] 'we' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Vietnamese[20] lang}} [hjew˧˩˧] 'understand' See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh lang}} [ˈhaɨl] 'sun' See Welsh orthography
West Frisian lang}} [ˈhukə] 'corner'
Yi lang}} / {{#invoke:lang|lang}} [ha˧] 'hundred'

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  2. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Template:Harvcoltxt
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Template:Harvcoltxt
  5. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  6. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  7. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  8. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  12. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  13. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  14. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  15. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  16. ↑ Template:Pt icon Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese
  17. ↑ Template:Pt icon Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Template:Harvcoltxt
  19. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  20. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt

References

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