Difference between revisions of "Korean language"

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Korean language (view source)

Revision as of 04:14, 3 March 2019

8,748 bytes removed ,  04:14, 3 March 2019
→‎Phonology
Line 163: Line 163:
| [[Jeju-do|Jeju Island/Province]] (South Korea)
| [[Jeju-do|Jeju Island/Province]] (South Korea)
|}
|}
==Phonology==
{{IPA notice}}
{{Main|Korean phonology}}
[[File:Ko-구매자는 판매자에게 제품 대금으로 20달러를 지급하여야 한다.ogg|thumb|Spoken Korean]]
===Consonants===
[[File:Korean consonants.svg|thumb|right|The Korean consonants]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Alveolar-<br />palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| [[wikt:ㅁ|ㅁ]] {{IPA|/m/}}
| [[wikt:ㄴ|ㄴ]] {{IPA|/n/}}
|
| [[wikt:ㅇ|ㅇ]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}}<ref>only at the end of a syllable</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan=3|[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] <br /> and<br />[[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>plain</small>
| [[wikt:ㅂ|ㅂ]] {{IPA|/p/ ''or'' /b/}}
| [[wikt:ㄷ|ㄷ]] {{IPA|/t/ ''or'' /d/}}
| [[wikt:ㅈ|ㅈ]] {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/ ''or'' /d͡ʑ/}}
| [[wikt:ㄱ|ㄱ]] {{IPA|/k/ ''or'' /g/}}
|
|-
! <small>[[tenseness#Consonants|tense]]</small>
| [[wikt:ㅃ|ㅃ]] {{IPA|/p͈/}}
| [[wikt:ㄸ|ㄸ]] {{IPA|/t͈/}}
| [[wikt:ㅉ|ㅉ]] {{IPA|/t͡ɕ͈/}}
| [[wikt:ㄲ|ㄲ]] {{IPA|/k͈/}}
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| [[wikt:ㅍ|ㅍ]] {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| [[wikt:ㅌ|ㅌ]] {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
| [[wikt:ㅊ|ㅊ]] {{IPA|/t͡ɕʰ/}}
| [[wikt:ㅋ|ㅋ]] {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>plain</small>
|
| [[wikt:ㅅ|ㅅ]] {{IPA|/sʰ/ ''or'' /s/ ''or'' /ɕ/}}
|
|
| [[wikt:ㅎ|ㅎ]] {{IPA|/h/ ''or'' /hʱ/}}
|-
! <small>tense</small>
|
| [[wikt:ㅆ|ㅆ]] {{IPA|/s͈/}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA|/w/}}<sup>1</sup>
| [[wikt:ㄹ|ㄹ]] {{IPA|/l/ or /r/}}
| {{IPA|/j/}}<sup>1</sup>
|
|
|}
<sup>1</sup> The semivowels {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} are represented in Korean writing by modifications to vowel symbols (see below).
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|◌͈}}}} (a subscript double straight quotation mark, shown here with a placeholder circle) is used to denote the tensed consonants {{IPA|/p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/}}. Its official use in the [[Extensions to the IPA]] is for [[Fortis and lenis|'strong']] articulation, but is used in the literature for [[faucalized voice]]. The Korean consonants also have elements of [[stiff voice]], but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted [[glottis]] and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.
[[lenis]] ([[예사소리]], [[연음]], [[평음]]) ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ
[[fortis]] ([[된소리]], [[경음]], [[농음]])
ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ
[ k˭ ], [ t˭ ], [ p˭ ], [ s˭ ], [ t͡ɕ˭(South Korean) or t͡s˭(North Korean) ]
[[fortis and lenis]] ([[된소리와 예사소리]]) are [[tenuis consonant]]s
[[aspirated consonant]] ([[거센소리]], [[유기음]], [[대기음]])
ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ
ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ /kʰ/, /tʰ/, /pʰ/
[[Voice (phonetics)]]
[[voicelessness]] ([[무성음]])
[[voiced consonant]] ([[유성음]])
[[aspiration]]
[[tenuis consonant]] ([[unaspirated consonant]], [[무기음]])
[[aspirated consonant]]
[[voice onset time]] ([[VOT]], [[성대진동 시작 시간]], [[성대진동 시작시간]])
[[Hindi]]
[[Stress]]es are parts of a word, so if you pronounce false stresses, native English speakers can't understand your English.
===Vowels===
{| style="clear: both"
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;"| [[File:Korean short vowel chart.svg|upright=1.13|frameless]]
| style="horizontal-align:middle;"| [[File:Korean long vowel chart.svg|upright=1.13|frameless]]
| style="vertical-align:bottom;"| [[File:Korean vowels.svg|thumb|The basic Korean vowels]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Monophthong]]s
|/i/ ㅣ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/e/}} ㅔ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɛ/}} ㅐ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/a/}} ㅏ*, &nbsp;{{IPA|/o/}} ㅗ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/u/}} ㅜ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʌ/}} ㅓ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɯ/}} ㅡ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ø/}} ㅚ, &nbsp;
{{IPA|/y/}} ㅟ
|-
![[Vowel]]s preceded by [[intermediary|intermediaries]],<br />or [[diphthong]]s
|{{IPA|/je/}} ㅖ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/jɛ/}} ㅒ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ja/}} ㅑ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/wi/}} ㅟ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/we/}} ㅞ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/wɛ/}} ㅙ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/wa/}} ㅘ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɰi/}} ㅢ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/jo/}} ㅛ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/ju/}} ㅠ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/jə/}} ㅕ, &nbsp;{{IPA|/wə/}} ㅝ
|}
* ㅏ is closer to a [[near-open central vowel]] ({{IPA|[ɐ]}}), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition.
===Allophones===
{{IPA|/s/}} is aspirated {{IPA|[sʰ]}} and becomes an [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] {{IPA|[ɕʰ]}} before {{IPA|[j]}} or {{IPA|[i]}} for most speakers (but see [[North–South differences in the Korean language]]). This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, {{IPA|/s/}} changes to {{IPA|/t/}} (example: beoseot ({{lang|ko|버섯}}) 'mushroom').<!-- it's actually much more complicated than this, isn't it?-->
{{IPA|/h/}} may become a [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]] {{IPA|[ɸ]}} before {{IPA|[o]}} or {{IPA|[u]}}, a [[palatal consonant|palatal]] {{IPA|[ç]}} before {{IPA|[j]}} or {{IPA|[i]}}, a [[velar consonant|velar]] {{IPA|[x]}} before {{IPA|[ɯ]}}, a voiced {{IPA|[ɦ]}} between voiced sounds, and a {{IPA|[h]}} elsewhere.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
{{IPA|/p, t, t͡ɕ, k/}} become voiced {{IPA|[b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ]}} between voiced sounds.
{{IPA|/m, n/}} frequently denasalize to {{IPA|[b, d]}} at the beginnings of words.
{{IPA|/l/}} becomes alveolar flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} between vowels, and {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɭ]}} at the end of a syllable or next to another {{IPA|/l/}}. Note that a written syllable-final '{{lang|ko|ㄹ}}', when followed by a vowel or a glide (''i.e.'', when the next character starts with '{{lang|ko|ㅇ}}'), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes {{IPA|[ɾ]}}.
Traditionally, {{IPA|/l/}} was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before {{IPA|[j]}}, and otherwise became {{IPA|/n/}}. However, the inflow of western [[Konglish|loanwords]] changed the trend, and now word-initial {{IPA|/l/}} (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either {{IPA|[ɾ]}} or {{IPA|[l]}}. The traditional prohibition of word-initial {{IPA|/l/}} became a morphological rule called "initial law" ({{lang|ko|두음법칙}}) in South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial {{IPA|/l/}} in North Korea.
All [[obstruent]]s (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with [[no audible release]], {{IPA|[p̚, t̚, k̚]}}.
Plosive stops {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} become nasal stops {{IPA|[m, n, ŋ]}} before nasal stops.
[[Hangul]] spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlying, partly historical [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word.
One difference between the pronunciation standards of North and South Korea is the treatment of initial {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, and initial {{IPA|[n]}}. For example,
* "labor" – north: '''''r'''odong'' ({{lang|ko|로동}}), south: '''''n'''odong'' ({{lang|ko|노동}})
* "history" – north: '''''ry'''eoksa'' ({{lang|ko|력사}}), south: '''''y'''eoksa'' ({{lang|ko|역사}})
* "female" – north: '''''ny'''eoja'' ({{lang|ko|녀자}}), south: '''''y'''eoja'' ({{lang|ko|여자}})
===Morphophonemics===
{{Main|Morphophonology}}
Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include ''-eun/-neun'' ({{lang|ko|-은/-는}}) and ''-i/-ga'' ({{lang|ko|-이/-가}}). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include ''-eul/-reul'' ({{lang|ko|-을/-를}}), ''-euro/-ro'' ({{lang|ko|-으로/-로}}), ''-eseo/-seo'' ({{lang|ko|-에서/-서}}), ''-ideunji/-deunji'' ({{lang|ko|-이든지/-든지}}) and ''-iya/-ya'' ({{lang|ko|-이야/-야}}). However, ''-euro/-ro'' is somewhat irregular, since it will behave differently after a rieul consonant.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Korean particles
! After a consonant !! After a ㄹ (rieul) !! After a vowel
|-
| colspan="3" | ''-ui'' ({{lang|ko|-의}})
|-
| colspan="2" | ''-eun'' ({{lang|ko|-은}}) || ''-neun'' ({{lang|ko|-는}})
|-
| colspan="2" |''-i'' ({{lang|ko|-이}}) || ''-ga'' ({{lang|ko|-가}})
|-
| colspan="2" | ''-eul'' ({{lang|ko|-을}}) || ''-reul'' ({{lang|ko|-를}})
|-
| colspan="2" | ''-gwa'' ({{lang|ko|-과}}) || ''-wa'' ({{lang|ko|-와}})
|-
| ''-euro'' ({{lang|ko|-으로}}) || colspan="2" | ''-ro'' ({{lang|ko|-로}})
|}
Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Raptip
220

edits

Retrieved from "http://hiddenwep33eg4w225lcdwcez4iefacwpiia6cwg7pfmcz4hvijzbgid.onion/index.php?title=Special:MobileDiff/22447"

Navigation menu