Revenge porn

From Hidden Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Revenge porn or revenge pornography is the distribution of sexually explicit images or video of individuals without their permission.[1] The sexually explicit images or video may be made by a partner of an intimate relationship with the knowledge and consent of the subject, or it may be made without his or her knowledge. The possession of the material may be used by the perpetrators to blackmail the subjects into performing other sex acts, to coerce them into continuing the relationship, or to punish them for ending the relationship.

In the wake of civil lawsuits and the increasing numbers of reported incidents, legislation has been passed in a number of countries and jurisdictions to outlaw the practice, though approaches have varied. The practice has also been described as a form of psychological abuse and domestic violence, as well as a form of sexual abuse.[2]

The term "revenge porn" generally refers to the uploading of this sexually explicit material to humiliate and intimidate the subject, who has broken off the relationship.[1] The term is also often misused to describe non 'revenge' scenarios, including nonconsensual pornography distributed by hackers or by individuals seeking profit or notoriety.[3] The images are usually accompanied by sufficient information to identify the pictured individual, typically names and locations, and can include links to social media profiles, home addresses and workplaces.[4][5] Victims, whose images expose them to workplace discrimination, cyber-stalking or physical attack, can have their lives ruined as a result. Given the practice by some companies of searching for potential sources of bad publicity, many victims of revenge porn have lost their jobs and found themselves effectively unhirable.[6] Some academics argue that the term "revenge porn" should not be used, and instead that it should be referred to as "image-based sexual abuse."[7]

Jurisdictions which have passed laws against revenge porn include Israel, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada,[8] 40/50 states of the United States - plus both Washington D.C.[9] and the US Military[10][11][12] and Australia also passed a law at the Commonwealth federal level and went into effect on 1 September, 2018.[13][14] The Australian States and Territories of South Australia,[15] Victoria,[16] New South Wales,[17] the Australian Capital Territory,[18] the Northern Territory,[19] Western Australia,[20] and Queensland[21] have complimentary state level laws that criminalise this behaviour.

Background

In the 1980s, Hustler magazine began a monthly feature of reader-submitted images of naked women called "Beaver Hunt".[22] Beaver Hunt photographs were often accompanied by details about the woman, like her hobbies, her sexual fantasies, and sometimes her name.[22] Not all of the women featured in Beaver Hunt submitted their own images and several women sued the magazine for publishing their photographs without their permission, or without verifying information on forged consent forms.[23]

Two decades later, Italian researcher Sergio Messina identified "realcore pornography", a new genre consisting of images and videos of ex-girlfriends distributed through Usenet groups.[24] In 2008, amateur porn aggregator XTube began receiving complaints that pornographic content had been posted without subjects' consent. Several sites began staging consensual pornography to resemble revenge porn, as well as hosting "authentic" user-submitted content.[24][25]

Revenge porn began garnering international media attention when Hunter Moore launched the website IsAnyoneUp in 2010.[26] The site featured user-submitted pornography,[26] and was one of the first sites to adopt the model initiated by Beaver Hunt: IsAnyoneUp often included identifying information, such as the subjects' names, employers, addresses and links to social networking profiles.[26] Activist Charlotte Laws was the first person to speak out against Moore and one of the first people to publicly support revenge porn victims. This prompted backlash from some of Moore's devotees, who stalked Laws and sent her death threats.[27] Laws became known around the world as the "Erin Brockovich of revenge porn"[28] and she was one of the first activists to meet with legislators in an effort to get laws passed against revenge porn.[29]

In February 2015, the social media site and online bulletin board Reddit announced a change to its privacy policy to ban the posting of sexually explicit content without the consent of those depicted. The announcement was made after a company meeting at which the issue of "illicit pornography—pictures and video—was a burning one".[30] In March 2015, Twitter followed suit with new rules to address the posting of unauthorized content and specifically revenge porn. Starting March 11, Twitter stated it would immediately remove "any 'link to a photograph, video, or digital image of you in a state of nudity or engaged in any act of sexual conduct' that has been posted without consent."[31] According to a Washington Post article, the changes were in response to growing concerns "that [Twitter] has not done enough to prevent bad behavior on its site."[32]

In June 2015, Google announced it would remove links to revenge porn on request.[33] Microsoft followed suit in July.[34] Both have placed forms on-line for victims to complete.[35][36] Together the two organizations account for nearly 90% of the internet search market in the US.[37]

Advocacy

The website endrevengeporn.org, founded by Holly Jacobs, a revenge porn victim, campaigns for the criminalization of revenge porn and considers it to be a form of sexual abuse.[38][39] Jacobs is also the founder of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), a nonprofit organization that seeks to challenge cyber harassment. Danielle Citron, known for her discourse on cyber harassment as a civil rights issue, is an advisor for the CCRI.[40][41] Mary Anne Franks, CCRI's Vice-President and Legislative & Tech Policy Director, has been heavily involved with legislative and policy efforts to combat revenge porn.[42] Dr. Laura Hilly and Kira Allmann of the Oxford Human Rights Hub have characterized revenge porn as a kind of gendered hate speech designed to silence women. An article of theirs argues that this stifling of free expression is often ignored in debates over revenge porn.[43]

While not solely focused on revenge porn, the older non-profit organization Without My Consent provides legal resources related to it and lobbies to protect the privacy and free speech rights of online harassment victims.[44] Since 2012, there has also been a website Women Against Revenge Porn, calling itself "not an organization or a business", which has been cited as an advocacy group for people exposed in revenge porn.[45] In late 2014, Elisa D'Amico and David Bateman, partners at the law firm K&L Gates, launched the Cyber Civil Rights Legal Project (CCRLP), a project offering free legal help to victims of revenge porn.[46][47]

To better facilitate the introduction of relevant legislation, some anti-revenge porn activists have called upon others in their community to use gender-neutral language more often when discussing the issue.[48] The term "revenge porn" itself has also come under fire. The CCRI for instance prefers the term "nonconsensual pornography".[49] In analogy with "child sexual abuse images" being the preferred term for child pornography, McGlynn and Rackley proposed "image-based sexual abuse".[50] Along with journalist Sarah Jeong, they have argued that it is harmful to associate revenge porn with pornography which revolves around consent. Jeong also considers it a mistake for activists to focus on revenge porn itself as the main problem, rather than the underlying culture which leads to its subjects being socially ostracized.[51]

In the Australian Capital Territory, an electronic petition was started in March 2017 that called upon the A.C.T. Legislative Assembly to consider criminalizing the non-consensual disclosure of sexual images and videos.[52] The A.C.T Legislative Assembly consequently passed a Bill that criminalised the distribution, or threatened distribution, of intimate photos and videos on 16 August 2017.[18]

Legislation

Laws banning revenge pornography have been slow to emerge.[53] Contributing factors include a lack of understanding about the gravity of the problem, free speech concerns,[54] belief that existing law provides adequate protection,[54] a lack of care, historically, for women's issues, and "misunderstandings of First Amendment doctrine" (Citron & Franks).[53][55] The American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation have drawn attention to the implications for free speech if legislation is too broad.[56][57][58][59]

Asia

Since 2009, the Philippines has criminalized copying, reproducing, sharing or exhibiting sexually explicit images or videos over the Internet without written consent of the individual depicted.[60]

Israel responded quickly to public pressure in January 2014 and passed a law making sharing sexually explicit videos without the consent of the pictured individual punishable by up to five years in prison.[61] After Israel's bill was passed, it was widely predicted that nearby countries such as Egypt, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia would not introduce similar bills as they have been slow to adopt legislation against sexual harassment in general.[62] However, some commentators have suggested that victims could find recourse in existing laws against pornography, indecency, defamation and invasion of privacy.[63]

Japan passed a bill in November 2014 which made it a crime to communicate "a private sexual image of another person" without consent.[64][65]

In South Korea the distribution of revenge porn is punishable by up to three years' imprisonment or by a fine of up to 5 million South Korean won. If the subject is filmed illicitly the penalty is up to ten years in prison or a fine of up to 10 million won ($8,900; £6,900). The use of hidden cameras for illicitly filming people is widespread in the country and in 2018 more than 6,000 incidents of spy-cam porn were being reported to the police annually, with only 2% of reported cases leading to a prison sentence. The website Sora.net specialised in the publishing of spy-cam porn until it was banned in 2016 following a campaign against it. Some of those depicted had committed suicide. In May 2018, 10,000 women demonstrated in Seoul demanding increased official action against digital sex crime. In October 2018 a petition of over 200,000 signatories called for increased punishment for the possession of revenge porn, regardless of whether it had been distributed.[66][67][68][69]

Australia

In November 2014, the Australian state of Victoria was the first jurisdiction within Australia that modified its existing criminal law. In addition to prohibiting the sending of nude pictures without consent, the amendment also added safeguards to prevent minors from receiving child pornography charges for self-made content.[70][71] The legislation followed an upsurge in the practice and the case Giller v Procopets, which had to be argued on the equity of breach of confidence and tort grounds.[72][73][74] On 16 February 2015, the West Australian Supreme Court case of Wilson v Ferguson established that the publication of "explicit images of a former partner which had been confidentially shared between the sexual partners during their relationship"[75] constituted a breach of an equitable obligation of confidence. The Court granted an injunction prohibiting further publication and awarded equitable compensation of A$48,404 to the plaintiff.

South Australia followed in 2016, with a bill making it illegal to distribute or threaten to distribute invasive nude photographs.[76][77] New South Wales passed a Bill that criminalised the distribution, or threatened distribution, of intimate photos or videos[78], which commenced on 25 August 2017[79]. On 16 August 2017 the Australian Capital Territory passed a Bill that criminalised the distribution, or threatened distribution, of intimate photos and videos.[18] Since July 1, 2018 within the Northern Territory revenge porn was made illegal.[80][81][82] On 16 August 2018 the Parliament of Australia passed a Bill that criminalised the distribution, or threatened distribution, of intimate photos and videos at the Commonwealth level, which commenced on 1 September 2018.[83][84] On 31 October 2018 Western Australia passed a Bill that criminalised the distribution, or threatened distribution, of intimate photos and videos.[85] On 13 February 2019 Queensland passed a Bill that criminalised the distribution, or threatened distribution, of intimate photos and videos.[86]

From 2015 onward, there have been increasing calls across Australia to pass laws designed to combat revenge porn.[87][88][76][89] Tasmania is yet to introduce a bill to make revenge porn illegal.[90]

North America

Canada

In 2014, with the passage of the Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act, Canada criminalized the "non-consensual distribution of intimate images" that were made under a "reasonable expectation of privacy".[8]

United States

Tort, privacy, copyright, and criminal laws offer remedies against people who submit revenge porn.[91][92] Forty states have laws against revenge porn as of August 2018.[12] For example, New Jersey law prohibits both the capture and the distribution of sexually explicit photographs and films by any person, "knowing that he is not licensed or privileged to do so" and without the subjects' consent.Template:Cite NJSA The law was used to prosecute Dharun Ravi, the Rutgers student who distributed webcam footage of his roommate Tyler Clementi engaging in sexual activity, after which Clementi killed himself.[93] The law has also been used to prosecute several men who allegedly distributed revenge porn of their ex-girlfriends.[94]

Mary Anne Franks, a law professor and constitutional scholar who drafted the model legislation and advised legislators in the majority of the above states, emphasizes that many of these laws are still deeply flawed.[95]

Representatives from the Department of Justice, California's Office of the Attorney General, 50 major technology companies, victim advocates, and legislative and law enforcement leaders joined together in 2015 to form a Cyber Exploitation Working Group, and have announced the creation of a working hub "to combat so-called cyber exploitation – the practice of anonymously posting explicit photographs of others online, often to extort money from the victims."[96]

Criminal prosecutions

Several well-known revenge porn websites, including IsAnyoneUp and the Texxxan, have been taken down in response to actual or threatened legal action.[97] The former was investigated by the FBI after anti-revenge porn activist Charlotte Laws uncovered a hacking scheme associated with the website. Indictments for fifteen felonies were handed down under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in January 2014 for the site owner and his accomplices, and the trial was initially set to begin in November 2014 in Los Angeles.[98] Hunter Moore, the owner of IsAnyoneUp pleaded guilty to hacking and identity theft in early 2015.[99] Moore was sentenced to two and a half years in prison on December 2, 2015.[100][101]

In December 2013, California Attorney General Kamala Harris charged Kevin Bollaert, who ran the revenge porn website UGotPosted, with 31 felony counts, including extortion and identity theft.[102] In March 2014, because the victim was under eighteen years old in the photos, a court in Ohio awarded damages of $385,000 against Bollaert. In April 2015 Bollaert was sentenced to 18 years in prison.[103] "Sitting behind a computer, committing what is essentially a cowardly and criminal act, will not shield predators from the law or jail", said Attorney General Harris following the verdict.[103] Also in California, a man named Noe Iniguez was given jail time for posting a naked photo of his ex-girlfriend on her employer's Facebook page.[104]

Casey Meyering, the operator of revenge porn website WinByState, was arrested[105] in Oklahoma in 2014 and extradited to Napa County. Meyering's website invited users to submit nude photos of ex-girlfriends and other women, with the photos categorized by state. He would then make the women featured on his website pay $250 to have their photos taken down. There were about 400 images of California women on the website, including at least one in Napa Valley, where California Attorney General Kamala Harris had filed the case. After originally pleading not guilty, on May 8, 2015, the 28-year-old man pleaded no contest to one count of extortion, three counts of attempted extortion, and one count of conspiracy. He was sentenced to three years imprisonment as of early June 2015.

Tort and privacy law

States without specific laws about revenge porn have seen lawsuits alleging invasion of privacy, public disclosure of private fact and intentional infliction of emotional distress against the individuals who uploaded the images.[106] Forty states, including California and New York, have anti-cyberharassment laws that may be applicable to cases of revenge porn.[107]

In February 2014, a US$500,000 settlement was awarded to a Texas woman who brought suit against her ex-boyfriend for posting video and photos of her on the Internet. The state did not have a specific "revenge porn" law at the time of the lawsuit.[108][109][110] California has a private right of action in tort for acts of revenge pornography within the civil code, as well as a specific criminal statute punishing revenge pornography as an invasion of privacy.[111]

Communications Decency Act §230

Some revenge porn lawsuits have named service providers and websites as defendants alongside individuals who uploaded the images.[112] The Communications Decency Act, also known as §230, shields websites and service providers from liability for content posted by users providing they are not themselves co-creators of the content.[113][114][115] If user-generated content posted to a website does not violate copyright or federal criminal laws, sites have no obligation to remove the content under §230.[116][117]

Copyright

An estimated 80% of revenge porn pictures and videos are taken by the subjects themselves.[118] Those individuals can bring actions for copyright infringement against the person who uploaded their nude or semi-nude "selfies". American victims may file Digital Millennium Copyright Act takedown notices with service providers.[119] Revenge porn site MyEx.com has been a defendant in a copyright infringement case.[120]

First Amendment and anti-SLAPP

Some free speech advocates object to revenge porn laws on First Amendment grounds, citing the fact that US laws restricting expression have a history of being overturned.[121][122] Journalist Sarah Jeong argues that new criminal laws meant to combat revenge porn are likely to be overbroad, resulting in unintended consequences.[123]

Revenge porn uploaders and websites may also challenge lawsuits using state protections against strategic lawsuit against public participations (anti-SLAPP laws),[124] which allow defendants to counter lawsuits aimed at stifling free speech.[125]

Europe

Many European countries have broad privacy statutes that may be applicable to revenge porn.[126] France also criminalizes the willful violation of the intimate private life of another by "transmitting the picture of a person who is within a private place, without the consent of the person concerned".[127] A German High Court made a May 2014 ruling that intimate photographs of partners should be deleted if the partner so requests.[128]

Malta

A law criminalising revenge porn in Malta entered into force in November 2016. Article 208E of the Maltese Criminal Code punishes whoever, with an intent to cause distress, emotional harm or harm of any nature, discloses a private sexual photograph or film without the consent of the person or persons displayed or depicted in such photograph or film. Such person would, on conviction be liable to imprisonment for a term of up to two years or to a fine of not less than €,3000 and not more than €5,000, or to both such imprisonment and fine.[129]Template:Better source

United Kingdom

England and Wales

In 2012, the English singer-songwriter Tulisa Contostavlos obtained an injunction preventing the distribution of a sex-tape of her and a former lover that had been published on the internet.[130][131] The case was set to include considerable damages, but was settled out of court before it could be considered.[132][133]

In April 2014, UK charities including The National Stalking Helpline, Women's Aid, and the UK Safer Internet Centre reported increased use of revenge porn websites.[128] Women's Aid Charity Chief Executive Polly Neate stated, "To be meaningful, any attempt to tackle revenge porn must also take account of all other kinds of psychological abuse and controlling behaviour, and revenge porn is just another form of coercive control. That control is central to domestic violence, which is why we're campaigning for all psychological abuse and coercive control to be criminalised". In July Chris Grayling, the Secretary of State for Justice, announced plans to "take appropriate action" to address revenge porn in Britain.[128] A House of Lords Committee, in a report on social media and the law, subsequently called for clarification from the DPP as to when revenge porn becomes a crime.[132][134]

In February 2015 the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, which has a specific amendment dealing with such actions, received Royal Assent. Section 33 of the Act makes it an offence in England and Wales to disclose private sexual photographs and films without the consent of the individual depicted and with the intent to cause distress. There is a maximum sentence of two years imprisonment.[135][136]

On April 23, 2015, a seminar was held in Westminster on the new legislation. The seminar was organised by the Oxford Human Rights Hub and co-hosted with the law firm McAllister Olivarius, the End Violence Against Women Coalition, The University of Durham, and The University of Birmingham.[137][138] The seminar called for the law to be extended to cover activities such as upskirting.

In June 2015 Chrissy Chambers, a YouTube star from the United States, pursued a civil suit against her British ex-boyfriend who posted sexually-explicit videos taken without her knowledge or consent to Facebook where they were repeatedly shared. Chambers chose to pursue a civil case as the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 does not apply retroactively to content posted prior to its passage.[139][140] She was represented by McAllister Olivarius and in January 2018 won "substantial damages"[141]. Drawing on this and other cases, Dr. Ann Olivarius of the same firm gave a TEDxReading talk on "Revenge Porn: The Naked Truth".[142]

Between April 2015 (the date that section 33 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 came into force) and December 2015 the number of reported incidents of revenge pornography in England and Wales was 1,160. However, 61% of them resulted in no action being taken and the number of people prosecuted for disclosing private sexual images during the legislation's first year was 206.

Scotland

In Scotland, revenge porn became a specific offence in April 2016 when the Abusive Behaviour and Sexual Harm Act came into effect.

Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland, revenge porn was made a crime in February 2016 through the amendment of an existing law.[143]

Minors

If the video or images in question are of individuals who are minors, this can lead to legal action for child pornography[144] as has happened in non-revenge porn related cases involving sexting.[145][146]

Prenuptial agreements

Template:Main Some couples are drafting "social media" prenuptial agreements,[147] which may include provisions relating to revenge porn.[148] Clauses may state that couples agree not to share photos or posts that are likely to harm a spouse's professional reputation.[147]

In other media

The 2017 independent film #FromJennifer tackles the subject of revenge porn. In the film, the main character's acting career is derailed by an ex-boyfriend who posts a video of them online without her consent. When the video goes viral, her manager drops her as a client, and the ensuing humiliation she suffers leads her toward a path of destruction and counter-revenge.

See also

References

1 }} 
     | references-column-width 
     | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|30em}} }}
   | {{#if: 
     | references-column-width }} }}" style="{{#if: 30em
   | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: 30em > 1 }}
     | Template:Column-width
     | Template:Column-count }}
   | {{#if: 
     | Template:Column-width }} }} list-style-type: {{#switch: 
   | upper-alpha
   | upper-roman
   | lower-alpha
   | lower-greek
   | lower-roman = {{{group}}}
   | #default = decimal}};">
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Harvnb
  2. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  3. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Emily Bazelon, Why Do We Tolerate Revenge Porn?", Slate (Sept. 25, 2013).
  5. ↑ Eric Larson, "It's Still Easy to Get Away With Revenge Porn", Mashable, 21 October 2013.
  6. ↑ Danielle K. Citron, "‘Revenge porn’ should be a crime", CNN Opinion (Aug. 30, 2013).
  7. ↑ Erika Rackley & Clare McGylnn, "Image Based Sexual Abuse" (2017) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Template:Cite web
  9. ↑ [1]
  10. ↑ [2]
  11. ↑ [3]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Cite web
  13. ↑ Template:Cite press release
  14. ↑ Template:Cite web
  15. ↑ Template:Cite web
  16. ↑ Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ Template:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Template:Cite newspaper
  19. ↑ Template:Cite web
  20. ↑ Template:Cite web
  21. ↑ Template:Cite web
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kelly Dennis, Art/Porn: A History of Seeing and Touching, Oxford International Publishers (2009)
  23. ↑ See, e.g., Wood v. Hustler, 736 F.2d 1084 (5th Cir. 1984).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Alexa Tsoulis-Reay, "A Brief History of Revenge Porn", New York Magazine (July 21, 2013).
  25. ↑ Template:Cite news
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 On The Media, "Revenge Porn’s Latest Frontier", WNYC (Dec. 2, 2011).
  27. ↑ Template:Cite web
  28. ↑ Template:Cite news
  29. ↑ Template:Cite news
  30. ↑ Template:Cite news
  31. ↑ Template:Cite web
  32. ↑ Template:Cite news
  33. ↑ Template:Cite web
  34. ↑ Template:Cite web
  35. ↑ "Remove information from Google". Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  36. ↑ Template:Cite web
  37. ↑ Template:Cite web
  38. ↑ Template:Cite web
  39. ↑ Template:Cite web
  40. ↑ Template:Cite web
  41. ↑ Template:Harvardnb
  42. ↑ Template:Cite web
  43. ↑ Template:Cite news
  44. ↑ Template:Cite web
  45. ↑ Template:Cite web
  46. ↑ Template:Cite web
  47. ↑ Template:Cite web
  48. ↑ Template:Cite web
  49. ↑ Template:Cite web
  50. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  51. ↑ Template:Cite web
  52. ↑ Template:Cite web
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Template:Harvnb
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Template:Cite news
  55. ↑ Template:Cite news
  56. ↑ Template:Cite web
  57. ↑ Template:Cite news
  58. ↑ Template:Cite web
  59. ↑ Template:Cite web
  60. ↑ Template:Cite web
  61. ↑ Template:Cite news
  62. ↑ Template:Cite web
  63. ↑ Template:Cite journal
  64. ↑ Template:HarvnbTemplate:Subscription needed
  65. ↑ Template:Cite web
  66. ↑ Template:Cite news
  67. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper
  68. ↑ Template:Cite news
  69. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper
  70. ↑ Template:Cite web
  71. ↑ Template:Cite web
  72. ↑ The Age, 4 October 2015: Revenge porn: government urged to make it illegal
  73. ↑ Template:Cite AustLII.
  74. ↑ A statutory right of privacy by Peter A P Clark
  75. ↑ Template:Cite AustLII.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Template:Cite news
  77. ↑ Template:Cite web
  78. ↑ Template:Cite web
  79. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper
  80. ↑ Template:Cite web
  81. ↑ Template:Cite news
  82. ↑ Template:Cite web
  83. ↑ Template:Cite press release
  84. ↑ Template:Cite web
  85. ↑ Template:Cite web
  86. ↑ Template:Cite web
  87. ↑ The Age, 15 September 2015: 'Revenge porn' needs more than a slap on the wrists
  88. ↑ Template:Cite news
  89. ↑ Template:Cite news
  90. ↑ Template:Cite web
  91. ↑ Woodrow Hartzog, "How to Fight Revenge Porn", Stanford Law Center for Internet and Society (May 10, 2013).
  92. ↑ Doug Barry, "A New Bill in Florida Would Make Non-Consensual ‘Revenge Porn’ a Felony", Jezebel, 7 April 2013.
  93. ↑ Megan DiMarco and Alexi Friedman, "Live Blog: Dharun Ravi Sentenced to 30 Days in Jail", The Star-Ledger (May 12, 2012).
  94. ↑ Marueen O'Connor, "The Crusading Sisterhood of Revenge-Porn Victims", New York Magazine (Aug. 29, 2013).
  95. ↑ Template:Cite web
  96. ↑ Template:Cite web
  97. ↑ Erica Goode, "Victims Push Laws to End Online Revenge Posts", New York Times 23 September 2013.
  98. ↑ Template:Cite news
  99. ↑ Template:Cite web
  100. ↑ Template:Cite web
  101. ↑ Template:Cite web
  102. ↑ "Press Release: Attorney General Kamala D. Harris Announces Arrest of Revenge Porn Website Operator", California Office of the Attorney General.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Template:Cite news
  104. ↑ Template:Cite news
  105. ↑ Template:Cite web
  106. ↑ Complaint in Jacobs v. Seay, 13-1362 6CA0 (Fl. Apr. 18, 2013)
  107. ↑ Template:Cite web
  108. ↑ Template:Cite web
  109. ↑ Template:Cite web
  110. ↑ Adi Robertson, "Texas Woman Wins Half a Million Dollars in Revenge Porn Lawsuit", The Verge (Mar. 1, 2014)
  111. ↑ Template:Cite web
  112. ↑ Toups v. Godaddy.com, No. D130018-C (Tex. June 18, 2013).
  113. ↑ 47 U.S.C. §230 Protection for Private Blocking and Screening of Offensive Material.
  114. ↑ Template:Cite news
  115. ↑ Template:Cite news
  116. ↑ Jerry Brito, "Are Laws Against Revenge Porn A Good Idea?" (Oct. 21, 2013).
  117. ↑ Template:HarvnbTemplate:Subscription needed
  118. ↑ Heather Kelly, "New California 'Revenge Porn' Law May Miss Some Victims", CNN (Oct. 3, 2013).
  119. ↑ 17 U.S.C. §102-Subject Matter of Copyright: In General.
  120. ↑ Template:Cite web
  121. ↑ See United States v. Alvarez, 132 S.Ct. 2537, 2544 (US 2012) ("[A]s a general matter, the First Amendment means that government has no power to restrict expression because of its message, its ideas, its subject matter, or its content").
  122. ↑ Erin Fuchs, "Here's What the Constitution Says About Posting Naked Pictures Of Your Ex To The Internet", Business Insider (Oct. 1, 2013).
  123. ↑ Template:Cite news
  124. ↑ Template:Cite news
  125. ↑ Twenty-five states currently have anti-SLAPP legislation. "What is a SLAPP suit?", Chilling Effects Clearinghouse (2013).
  126. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  127. ↑ Template:Cite web
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 Template:Cite news
  129. ↑ Template:Cite web
  130. ↑ Template:Cite web
  131. ↑ Template:Cite news
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Template:Cite web
  133. ↑ Template:Cite news
  134. ↑ Template:Cite news
  135. ↑ Template:Cite news
  136. ↑ Template:Cite web
  137. ↑ Template:Cite news
  138. ↑ Template:Cite web
  139. ↑ Template:Cite web
  140. ↑ Template:Cite web
  141. ↑ Template:Cite newspaper
  142. ↑ Template:Cite av media
  143. ↑ Template:Cite news
  144. ↑ Template:Cite news
  145. ↑ Template:Cite web
  146. ↑ Template:Cite web
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 Template:Cite web
  148. ↑ Template:Cite web

Further reading

Template:Wiktionary

Template:Sexual abuse Template:Pornography

Retrieved from "http://hiddenwep33eg4w225lcdwcez4iefacwpiia6cwg7pfmcz4hvijzbgid.onion/index.php?title=Revenge_porn&oldid=22531"