Project
For the urban low-income housing buildings called projects, see Public housing. For other uses, see Project (disambiguation).
Contemporary business and science treat as a project (or program) any undertaking, carried out individually or collaboratively and possibly involving research or design, that is carefully planned (usually by a project teamTemplate:Cn) to achieve a particular aim.[1]
An alternative view sees a project managerially as a sequence of events: a "set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period and within certain cost and other limitations".[2]
A project may be a temporary (rather than permanent) social system (work system), possibly constituted by teams (within or across organizations) to accomplish particular tasks under time constraints.[3]
A project may be a part of wider programme managementTemplate:Cn or an ad hoc structure.
Note that open-source software "projects" (for example) may lack defined team-membership, precise planning and time-limited durations.
Overview
The word project comes from the Latin word projectum from the Latin verb proicere, "before an action" which in turn comes from pro-, which denotes precedence, something that comes before something else in time (paralleling the Greek πρό) and iacere, "to do". The word "project" thus originally meant "before an action".
When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an "object". Every project has certain phases of development.
Formal definition in the project-management realm
A project consists of a concrete and organized effort motivated by a perceived opportunity when facing a problem, a need, a desire or a source of discomfort (e.g., lack of proper ventilation in a building). It seeks the realization of a unique and innovative deliverable, such as a product, a service, a process, or in some cases, a scientific research. Each project has a beginning and an end,[4] and as such is consideredTemplate:By whom? a closed dynamic system.Template:Cn It is developed along the 4 Ps of project management: Plan, Processes, People, and Power (e.g., line of authority).Template:Cn It is bound by the triple constraints that are calendar, costs and norms of quality,[5] each of which can be determined and measured objectively along the project lifecycle.Template:Cn Some projects produce some level of formal documentation, the deliverable(s), and some impacts, which can be positive and/or negative.[6]
Specific uses
School and university
A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and researched about by students. At schools, educational institutes and universities, a project is a research assignment - given to a student - which generally requires a larger amount of effort and more independent work than that involved in a normal essay assignment. It requires students to undertake their own fact-finding and analysis, either from library/internet research or from gathering data empirically. The written report that comes from the project is usually in the form of a dissertation, which will contain sections on the project's inception, analysis, findings and conclusions.[7]
Project management
Template:Main In project management a project consists of a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.[8] Another definition is: a management environment that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to a specified business case.[9] Projects can also be seen as temporary organization.[10]
Project objectives define target status at the end of the project, reaching of which is considered necessary for the achievement of planned benefits. They can be formulated as SMART criteria:[11]
- Specific
- Measurable (or at least evaluable) achievement
- Achievable (recently Agreed to or Acceptable are usedTemplate:By whom regularly as well)
- Realistic (given the current state of organizational resources)
- Time terminated (bounded)
The evaluation (measurement) occurs at the project closure. However a continuous guard on the project progress should be kept by monitoring and evaluating.
Civil and military construction and industry infrastructure
In civil, military and industry (e.g. oil and gas) infrastructure, capital projects refer to activities to construct and install equipment, facilities and buildings. As these activities are temporary endeavors with clear start and end dates, the term "project" is applied. Because the results of these activities are typically long-standing infrastructure, with a life measured in years or decades, these projects are typically accounted for in financial accounting as capital expenditures, and thus they are termed "capital projects".
Computer software
In computer software, a project can consist of programs, configuration definitions and related data.Template:Citation needed For example, in Microsoft Visual Studio a "solution" consists of projects and other definitions.[12]
State project
It can be defined as "a set of state policies and/or agencies unified around a particular issue or oppression".[13] Therefore, these kinds of projects involve constant change and dynamism due to the social constructions evolve among time. State projects have to adapt to the current moment. They are mostly community services based.
Types
Some analyses of project-oriented activity distinguish - using military-style terminology - between grandiose strategic projects and more trivial or component operational projects: tactical projects.[14][15]
Notable examples
- Human Genome Project which mapped the human genome
- Manhattan Project, which developed the first nuclear weapon
- Polaris missile project: an ICBM control-system
- Apollo program, which landed humans on the moon
- Soviet atomic bomb project
- Soviet manned lunar programs
- Project-706
- Great Pyramid of Giza
- Megaproject
- Program management
- Project governance
- Project Management Institute (PMI)
- International Project Management Association (IPMA)
- Project management software
- Project planning
- Small-scale project management
- PRINCE2
References
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- ↑ Compare: Template:Cite web
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- ↑ Thomas, G: How to do your research project. Sage Publications Inc, 2009....
- ↑ Project Management Institute. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Third Edition.
- ↑ R. Max Wideman (2004), A Management Framework: For Project, Program and Portfolio Integration. p. 30
- ↑ Turner, J. Rodney, and Ralf Müller. "On the nature of the project as a temporary organization." International journal of project management 21.1 (2003): 1-8.
- ↑ Carr, David, Make Sure Your Project Goals are SMART, PM Hut. Accessed 18. Oct 2009.
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