Fedora

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This article is about the Linux distribution. For other uses, see Fedora (disambiguation).

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Fedora is a Linux distribution developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat.[1] Fedora contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of such technologies.[2][3][4] Fedora is the upstream source of the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution.[5]

Since the release of Fedora 21, three different editions are currently available: Workstation, focused on the personal computer, Server for servers, and Atomic focused on cloud computing.[6]

Template:As of, Fedora has an estimated 1.2 million users,[7] including Linus Torvalds, creator of the Linux kernel.[8][9]

Features

Fedora has a reputation for focusing on innovation, integrating new technologies early on and working closely with upstream Linux communities.[4][10] Making changes upstream instead of specifically for Fedora ensures that the changes are available to all Linux distributions.

Fedora has a relatively short life cycle: each version is usually supported for at least 13 months, where version Template:Var is supported only until 1 month after version Template:Var+2 is released and with approximately 6 months between most versions.[11] Fedora users can upgrade from version to version without reinstalling.[12][13]

The default desktop environment in Fedora is GNOME and the default user interface is the GNOME Shell. Other desktop environments, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXDE, MATE and Cinnamon, are available and can be installed.[14][15]

Package management

Most Fedora editions use the RPM package management system, using DNF as a tool to manage the RPM packages.[16] DNF uses libsolv, an external dependency resolver.[16] Flatpak is also supported by default, and support for Ubuntu's snaps can also be added. Fedora uses Delta RPM when updating installed packages to provide Delta update. A Delta RPM contains the difference between an old and new version of a package. This means that only the changes between the installed package and the new one are downloaded reducing network traffic and bandwidth consumption.

The Fedora Atomic Host edition uses rpm-ostree[17], a hybrid transactional image/package system to manage the host. Traditional DNF (or other systems) should be used in containers.

Security

Fedora uses Security-Enhanced Linux by default, which implements a variety of security policies, including mandatory access controls, which Fedora adopted early on.[18] Fedora provides hardening wrapper, and does hardening for all of its packages by using compiler features such as position-independent executable (PIE).[19]

Software

Fedora comes installed with a wide range of software such as LibreOffice and Firefox. Additional software is available from the software repositories and can be installed using the DNF package manager or GNOME Software.

File:GNOME Software 3.10.png
GNOME Software, Fedora's default package manager front-end

Additionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that software not available in Fedora can be installed easily.[20] Software that is not available via official Fedora repositories, either because it doesn't meet Fedora's definition of free software or because its distribution may violate US law, can be installed using third-party repositories. Popular third-party repositories include RPM Fusion free and non-free repositories. Fedora also provides users with an easy-to-use build system for creating their own repositories called Copr.[21]

Since the release of Fedora 25, the operating system defaults to the Wayland display server protocol, which replaced the X Window System.[22]

Editions

File:Fedora flavors.png
Editions of Fedora

Beginning with Fedora version 21, it is available as three distinct primary editions:[23]

  • Fedora Workstation – It targets users who want a reliable, user-friendly, and powerful operating system for their laptop or desktop computer. It comes with GNOME by default but other desktops can be installed or can be directly installed as Spins.
  • Fedora Server – Its target usage is for servers. It includes the latest data center technologies. This edition doesn't come with a desktop environment, but one can be installed. From Fedora 28 Server Edition will deliver Fedora Modularity,[24] adding support for alternative update streams for popular software such as Node.js and Golang.
  • Fedora Atomic – It provides a minimal image of Fedora which includes just the bare essentials. It is meant for deployment in cloud computing. It provides Fedora Atomic Host images which are optimized minimal images for container uses.
File:Fedora 21 and later 2.svg
Components of Fedora editions

A Live USB drive can be created using Fedora Media Writer or the dd command.[25] It allows users to try Fedora without making changes to the hard disk.

Labs

Similar to Debian blends, the Fedora Project also distributes custom variations of Fedora called Fedora Labs.[26] These are built with specific sets of software packages, targeting specific interests such as gaming, security, design,[27] robotics,[28][29] and scientific computing[30] (that includes SciPy, Octave, Kile, Xfig and Inkscape).

The Fedora AOS (Appliance Operating System) was a specialized spin of Fedora with reduced memory footprint for use in software appliances. Appliances are pre-installed, pre-configured, system images. This spin was intended to make it easier for anyone (developers, independent software vendors (ISV), original equipment manufacturers (OEM), etc.) to create and deploy virtual appliances.

Spins

The Fedora project distribute different variations called "Fedora Spins"[31] which is Fedora with different Desktop Environment (GNOME is the default desktop environment). The current spins as of Fedora 28 that are featured on official Fedora site are Fedora KDE, Fedora XFCE, Fedora LXQT, Fedora Mate-Compiz, Fedora Cinnamon, Fedora LXDE, and Fedora SOAS.

Architectures

x86-32, x86-64 and ARM-hfp are the primary architectures supported by Fedora.[32] Pidora[33] and FedBerry[34] are specialized Fedora distributions (Remixes) for the Raspberry Pi, now the Fedora ARM[35] support the Raspberry Pi as well as other ARM and SBC devices.[36] As of release 26, Fedora also supports ARM AArch64, IBM Power64, IBM Power64le, IBM Z ("s390x"), MIPS-64el, MIPS-el, RISC-V as secondary architectures.

Fedora 28 was the last release that supported ppc64 and users are advised to move to the little endian ppc64le variant.[37]

Alternatives

The Fedora Project also distribute several other versions[38] with less use-cases than the mentioned above, like network installers and minimal installation images. Those are intended to special cases and/or expert users that want to have custom installations or configuring Fedora from scratch.

History

Template:See also The name of Fedora derives from Fedora Linux, a volunteer project that provided extra software for the Red Hat Linux distribution, and from the characteristic fedora hat used in Red Hat's "Shadowman" logo. Warren Togami began Fedora Linux in 2002 as an undergraduate project at the University of Hawaii,[39] intended to provide a single repository for well-tested third-party software packages so that non-Red Hat software would be easier to find, develop, and use. The key of Fedora Linux and Red Hat Linux was that Fedora's repository development would be collaborative with the global volunteer community.[40] Fedora Linux was eventually absorbed into the Fedora Project, carrying with it this collaborative approach.[41]

Fedora Linux was launched in 2003, when Red Hat Linux was discontinued.[42] Red Hat Enterprise Linux was to be Red Hat's only officially supported Linux distribution, while Fedora was to be a community distribution.[42] Red Hat Enterprise Linux branches its releases from versions of Fedora.[43]

Before Fedora 7, Fedora was called Fedora Core after the name of one of the two main software repositories - Core and Extras. Fedora Core contained all the base packages that were required by the operating system, as well as other packages that were distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs, and was maintained only by Red Hat developers. Fedora Extras, the secondary repository that had been included since Fedora Core 3, was community-maintained and not distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs. Upon the release of Fedora 7, the distinction between Fedora Core and Fedora Extras was eliminated.[44]

Since the release of Fedora 21, as an effort to modularize the Fedora distribution and make development more agile,[45][46] three different versions are available: Workstation, focused on the personal computer, Server and Atomic for servers, Atomic being the version meant for cloud computing.[6]

Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat's application for trademark status for the name "Fedora" was disputed by Cornell University and the University of Virginia Library, creators of the unrelated Fedora Commons digital repository management software.[47] The issue was resolved and the parties settled on a co-existence agreement that stated that the Cornell-UVA project could use the name when clearly associated with open source software for digital object repository systems and that Red Hat could use the name when it was clearly associated with open source computer operating systems.[48]

Development and Community

File:Fedora Foundations.png
The core values of the Fedora community

Template:See also Development of the operating system and supporting programs is headed by the Fedora Project, which is composed of a community of developers and volunteers, and also Red Hat employees.[49] The Council is the top-level community leadership and governance body. Other bodies include the Fedora Engineering Steering Committee, responsible for the technical decisions behind the development of Fedora, and Fedora Mindshare Committee which coordinates outreach and non-technical activities, including representation of Fedora Worldwide e.g.: Ambassadors Program, CommOps team and Marketing, Design and Websites Team.[50]

Releases

Template:Main

File:Fedora Core 1.png
Fedora Core 1 with GNOME version 2.4 (2003-11)
File:Fedora 15 Lovelock Gnome3.png
Fedora version 15, the first release with GNOME 3 and GNOME Shell. (2011-05)

Fedora has a relatively short life cycle: version Template:Var is supported only until 1 month after version Template:Var+2 is released and with approximately 6 months between most versions, meaning a version of Fedora is usually supported for at least 13 months, possibly longer.[11] Fedora users can upgrade from version to version without reinstalling.[12][13]

The current release is Fedora 29, which was released on 30 October 2018.[51] Template:Releases Fedora Linux Template:Timeline Fedora Linux

Rawhide

Rawhide is the development tree for Fedora.[52] This is a copy of a complete Fedora distribution where new software is added and tested, before inclusion in a later stable release. As such, Rawhide is often more feature rich than the current stable release. In many cases, the software is made of CVS, Subversion or Git source code snapshots which are often actively developed by programmers. Although Rawhide is targeted at advanced users, testers, and package maintainers, it is capable of being a primary operating system. Users interested in the Rawhide branch often update on a daily basis and help troubleshoot problems.[52] Rawhide users do not have to upgrade between different versions as it follows a rolling release update model.

See also

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References

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  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Architectures
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External links

Template:Commons category

Template:RedHatFedora-distro Template:Red Hat Template:Linux-distro

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