Arduino

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and digitally. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

History

The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50, a considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it Arduino.

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, but Barragán was not invited to participate.

Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community.

It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.

In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of the company. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record.... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was until recently listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither University had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees.

Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that the Arduino Foundation would be "a new beginning for Arduino." But a year later, the Foundation still hasn't been established, and the state of the project remains unclear.

The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many Open source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture.” Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.

Trademark dispute

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC, to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.Template:Citation needed

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other cofounders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Gianluca and his firm to bring the trademark under control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the United States.

At the World Maker Faire in New York on October 1, 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies.

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.

Hardware

File:Arduino-compatible R3 UNO Sku066313-01.jpg

Arduino-compatible R3 UNO board made in China with no Arduino logo, but with identical markings, including "Made in Italy" text

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in -duino.

File:Arduino316.jpg

An early Arduino board with an RS-232 serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins at the lower right, and the power connector at the lower left.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used.

File:UnoConnections.jpg

An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,Template:Efn Duemilanove,Template:Efn and current UnoTemplate:Efn provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

Official boards

Template:Further The original Arduino hardware was produced by the Italian company Smart Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries. Template:As of, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced. Template:Clear

• Arduino316.jpg

  Arduino RS232
  (male pins)

• Arduino Diecimila 6.jpg

  Arduino Diecimila

• Arduino Duemilanove 2009b.jpg

  Arduino Duemilanove
  (rev 2009b)

• Arduino UNO unpacked.jpg

  Arduino Uno R2

• Arduino Uno - R3.jpg

  Arduino Uno SMD R3

• Arduino Leonardo.jpg

  Arduino Leonardo

• Arduino Pro.jpg

  Arduino Pro
  (No USB)

• Arduino Mega.jpg

  Arduino Mega

• Arduino Nano.jpg

  Arduino Nano
  (DIP-30 footprint)

• LilyPad Arduino Main Board.JPG

  Arduino LilyPad 00
  (rev 2007) (No USB)

• Arduino Robot Top.jpg

  Arduino Robot

• Arduino Esplora.jpg

  Arduino Esplora

• Arduino Ethernet Board.jpg

  Arduino Ethernet
  (AVR + W5100)

• ArduinoYun.jpg

  Arduino Yun
  (AVR + AR9331)

• ArduinoDue Front.jpg

  Arduino Due
  (ARM Cortex-M3 core)

Shields

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers. Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, Global Positioning System (GPS), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).

• Arduino Protoboard Shields.jpg

  Multiple shields can be stacked. In this example the top shield contains a solderless breadboard.

• Dragino Lora Shield.jpg

  Dragino Lora Shield allows the user to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates.

• Wingshield on Arduino - ARSH-05-WI.jpg

  Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format

• Adafruit Motor Shield - ARSH-02-MS 01.jpg

  Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors

• ARSH-09-DL 03.jpg

  Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a Secure Digital (SD) card slot and real-time clock (RTC) chip

Software

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A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).

IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

Sketch

A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:

• Template:Code: This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch.
• Template:Code: After Template:Code function exits (ends), the Template:Code function is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.

Blink example

File:Power and Pin13 LED on Arduino Compatible Board.jpg

Power LED (red) and User LED (green) attached to pin 13 on an Arduino compatible board

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a current limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the functions Template:Code, Template:Code, and Template:Code, which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer.

<source lang="arduino" style="font-size:10pt;">

1. define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {

   pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);       // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.

}

void loop() {

   digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);    // Turn on the LED.
   delay(1000);                    // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
   digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);     // Turn off the LED.
   delay(1000);                    // Wait 1 second.

} </source>

Libraries

The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

Applications

• Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
• Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
• Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
• ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.
• C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.
• Data loggers for scientific research.
• OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
• XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

Recognitions

The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Electronica.

See also

• Comparison of single-board computers
• List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
• List of open-source hardware projects

Further reading

• Getting Started with Arduino; Massimo Banzi, Michael Shiloh; 262 pages; 2014; Template:ISBN.
• Make: Sensors; Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; 400 pages; 2014; Template:ISBN.
• Arduino For Dummies; John Nussey; 446 pages; 2013; Template:ISBN.
• Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches; Simon Monk; 2013; Template:ISBN.
• Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry; Jeremy Blum; 384 pages; 2013; Template:ISBN.
• Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects; John Boxall; 392 pages; 2013; Template:ISBN.
• Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino and Compatible Microcontrollers; Jack Purdum; 280 pages; 2012; Template:ISBN.
• Programming Arduino: Getting Started With Sketches; Monk Simon; 162 pages; 2011; Template:ISBN.
• Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; Maik Schmidt; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 276 pages; 2011; Template:ISBN.
• Make: Electronics (Learning by Discovery); Charles Platt; 352 pages; 2009; Template:ISBN.

External links

• Template:Official website
• How Arduino is open sourcing imagination, a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
• Evolution tree for Arduino
• Arduino Cheat Sheet
• Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns
• Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due, Esplora, Leonardo, Mega, Micro, Mini, Pro Micro, Pro Mini, Uno, Yun

Software

• Arduino Codebender IDE Paid service works with all boards and is cloud based.

Historical

• Arduino - The Documentary (2010): IMDb, Vimeo
• Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110, FLOSS 61
• Untold History of Arduino - Hernando Barragán
• Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al - United States Courts Archive