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-[[Android]]
+{{Redirect|Smartphones|the song|Trey Songz#2013–2017: Trigga and Tremaine the Album}}
+{{pp|small=yes}}
+{{short description|Multi-purpose mobile device}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}}
+[[File:Fotos produzidas pelo Senado (30554309793).jpg|thumb|300px|Two smartphones: a [[Samsung Galaxy J5]] (left) and an [[iPhone 6S]] (right)]]
-[[iPhone]]
+'''Smartphones''' are a class of [[mobile phone]]s and of multi-purpose [[mobile computing]] devices. They are distinguished from [[feature phone]]s by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive [[mobile operating system]]s, which facilitate wider [[application software|software]], [[internet]] (including [[web browsing]]<ref>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329502453_A_Survey_of_Techniques_for_Improving_Efficiency_of_Mobile_Web_Browsing A Survey of Techniques for Improving Efficiency of Mobile Web Browsing]", CPE, 2018</ref> over [[mobile broadband]]), and [[multimedia]] functionality (including music, video, [[camera phone|camera]]s, and [[mobile gaming|gaming]]), alongside core phone functions such as [[telephone call|voice call]]s and [[text messaging]]. Smartphones typically contain a number of [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chips, include various [[sensor]]s that can be leveraged by their software (such as a [[magnetometer]], [[proximity sensor]]s, [[barometer]], [[gyroscope]], or [[accelerometer]]), and support [[wireless]] communications protocols (such as [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi]], or [[satellite navigation]]).
-[[iOS]]
+Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA) devices with support for cellular [[telephony]], but were limited by their bulky form, [[History of the battery|short battery life]], slow analog [[cellular networks]], and the immaturity of wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the [[MOSFET scaling|exponential scaling]] and [[miniaturization]] of [[MOS transistor]]s down to [[List of semiconductor scale examples|sub-micron levels]] ([[Moore's law]]), the improved [[lithium-ion battery]], faster [[digital electronics|digital]] [[Mobile broadband|mobile data networks]] ([[Edholm's law]]), and more mature [[Mobile operating system|software]] [[Computing platform|platforms]] that allowed mobile device [[Digital ecosystem|ecosystems]] to develop independently of [[Mobile network operator|data providers]].
-[[tablet]]
+In the 2000s, [[NTT DoCoMo]]'s [[i-mode]] platform, [[BlackBerry]], [[Nokia]]'s [[Symbian]] platform, and [[Windows Mobile]] began to gain market traction, with models often featuring [[QWERTY]] keyboards or [[resistive touchscreen]] input, and emphasizing access to [[push email]] and wireless internet. Since the unveiling of the [[iPhone]] in 2007, the majority of smartphones have featured thin, slate-like [[Form factor (mobile phones)|form factors]], with large, [[capacitive sensing|capacitive]] screens with support for [[multi-touch]] gestures rather than physical keyboards, and offer the ability for users to download or purchase additional [[mobile app|applications]] from a centralized [[app store|store]], and use [[Mobile cloud storage|cloud storage]] and synchronization, [[virtual assistant]]s, as well as [[mobile payment]] services.
-[[iPad]]
+Improved hardware and faster wireless communication (due to standards such as [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]) have bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry. In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.<ref name="Don Reisinger">{{cite web |title=Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57534132-94/worldwide-smartphone-user-base-hits-1-billion/ |work=[[CNet]] |accessdate=July 26, 2013 |author=Don Reisinger|date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for [[feature phone]]s in early 2013.<ref name="news1">{{cite news | url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | work= 3 News NZ | title= Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones | date= April 29, 2013 | access-date= April 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.aspx | archive-date= August 1, 2013 | url-status= dead | df= mdy-all }}</ref>
-[[iPod]]
+{{TOC limit|4}}
-[[tablet computer]]
+==History==
+{{See also|Mobile operating system#Timeline}}
-[[tablet PC]]
+The development of the smartphone was enabled by several key technological advances. The [[MOSFET scaling|exponential scaling]] and [[miniaturization]] of [[MOSFET]]s (MOS transistors) down to [[List of semiconductor scale examples|sub-micron levels]] during the 1990s{{ndash}}2000s (as predicted by [[Moore's law]]) made it possible to build portable [[smart devices]] such as smartphones,<ref name="Sahay">{{cite book |last1=Sahay |first1=Shubham |last2=Kumar |first2=Mamidala Jagadesh |title=Junctionless Field-Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation |date=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781119523536 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0feEDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="uspto">{{cite web |title=Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference |url=https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intellectual-property-conference |website=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |date=June 10, 2019 |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sridharan">{{cite book |last1=Sridharan |first1=K. |last2=Pudi |first2=Vikramkumar |title=Design of Arithmetic Circuits in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319166889 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ-1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> as well as enabling the transition from analog to faster digital [[wireless]] [[mobile network]]s (leading to [[Edholm's law]]).<ref name="Baliga2005">{{cite book |last1=Baliga |first1=B. Jayant |author1-link=B. Jayant Baliga |title=Silicon RF Power MOSFETS |date=2005 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812561213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StJpDQAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Asif">{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128–134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128}}</ref><ref name="O'Neill">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. |title=Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter |date=2008 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694 |issn=1098-4232}}</ref> Other important enabling factors include the [[lithium-ion battery]], an indispensable [[energy source]] enabling long [[battery life]],<ref name="Williams">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=R. K. |last2=Darwish |first2=M. N. |last3=Blanchard |first3=R. A. |last4=Siemieniec |first4=R. |last5=Rutter |first5=P. |last6=Kawaguchi |first6=Y. |title=The Trench Power MOSFET—Part II: Application Specific VDMOS, LDMOS, Packaging, and Reliability |journal=IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices |date=2017 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=692–712 |doi=10.1109/TED.2017.2655149 |issn=0018-9383|bibcode=2017ITED...64..692W }}</ref> invented in the 1980s<ref name="ieee">{{cite web |title=IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Recipients |url=https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/environmental-safety-recipients.html |website=[[IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> and commercialized in 1991,<ref name="Sony-Energy">{{cite web |url=http://www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword |title=Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices – keyword 1991 |website=[[Sony Energy Devices Corporation]] |publisher=[[Sony]] |ref=keyword 1991 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224245/www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword/ |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the development of more mature [[Mobile operating system|software]] [[Computing platform|platforms]] that allowed mobile device [[Digital ecosystem|ecosystems]] to develop independently of [[Mobile network operator|data providers]].
+===Forerunner===
+[[File:IBM Simon Personal Communicator.png|thumb|upright|[[IBM Simon]] and charging base (1994)<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch The Incredible 70-Year Evolution Of The Cell Phone|url=http://smartphones.wonderhowto.com/inspiration/from-backpack-transceiver-smartphone-visual-history-mobile-phone-0127134/|work=Wonder How To|accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>]]
+{{main|IBM Simon}}
+In the early 1990s, [[IBM]] engineer [[Frank J. Canova|Frank Canova]] realised that chip-and-wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in [[handheld devices]].<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news |last1=Sager |first1=Ira |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |accessdate=18 August 2019 |work=[[Bloomberg.com]] |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=29 June 2012}}</ref> The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the [[COMDEX]] computer industry trade show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphones |last=Sager |first=Ira |date=June 29, 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |accessdate=June 30, 2012 |quote=Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick.}}</ref><ref name=schneidawind>{{cite news |last=Schneidawind |first=John |title=Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling |date=November 23, 1992 |newspaper=USA Today |page=2B}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite web |last1=Connelly |first1=Charlotte |title=World's first 'smartphone' celebrates 20 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28802053|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=August 16, 2014}}</ref> A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by [[BellSouth]] under the name [[IBM Simon|Simon Personal Communicator]]. In addition to placing and receiving [[cellular frequencies|cellular]] [[telephone call|call]]s, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive [[faxes]] and [[emails]]. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports and news.<ref>[http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phone/ History of first touchscreen smartphone] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501230834/http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phone/ |date=May 1, 2016 }} Spinfold.com</ref>
+The [[IBM Simon]] was manufactured by [[Mitsubishi Electric]], which integrated features from its own wireless [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA) and [[cellular radio]] technologies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jin |first1=Dal Yong |title=Smartland Korea: Mobile Communication, Culture, and Society |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=9780472053377 |pages=34–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjKNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34}}</ref> It featured a [[liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) and [[PC Card]] support.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nochkin |first=Alexandr |date=July 10, 2013 |url=https://habrahabr.ru/company/ibm/blog/184490/ |title=IBM Simon. The first smartphone in the World. What's inside. |accessdate=June 5, 2017 |publisher=Habrahabr.ru |work=IBM blog |language=Russian}}</ref> The Simon was commercially unsuccessful, particularly due to its bulky form factor and limited [[battery life]],<ref>{{cite web |title=First Smartphone Turns 20: Fun Facts About Simon |url=https://time.com/3137005/first-smartphone-ibm-simon/ |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=18 August 2019 |date=18 August 2014}}</ref> using [[NiCad]] batteries rather than the [[Nickel–metal hydride battery|nickel–metal hydride batteries]] commonly used in mobile phones in the 1990s, or [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]] used in modern smartphones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mostefaoui |first1=Ghita K. |last2=Tariq |first2=Faisal |title=Mobile Apps Engineering: Design, Development, Security, and Testing |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781351681438 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4V7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16}}</ref>
+The term "smart phone" or "smartphone" was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.<ref name="ACM Interactions article">{{cite web |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=208157 |title=Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users|last=Savage |first=Pamela |date=January 1995 |publisher=Association of Computing Machinery |accessdate=September 13, 2014 |quote=...It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse.  The switch connected to our "smart phone" is expecting the typical "dumb end-point"...  AT&T's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show...}}</ref>{{primary inline|date=September 2016}}
+===PDA/phone hybrids===
+{{main|Personal digital assistant}}
+Beginning in the mid-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]] device, running early versions of operating systems such as [[Palm OS]], [[Newton OS]], [[Symbian]] or [[Windows CE]]/[[Pocket PC]]. These operating systems would later evolve into early [[mobile operating system]]s. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers competed in reducing the size of devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "[[early adopters]]" and business users who needed portable connectivity.
+In March 1996, [[Hewlett-Packard]] released the [[OmniGo 700LX]], a modified [[HP 200LX]] palmtop PC with a [[Nokia 2110]] mobile phone [[Piggy-back (transportation)|piggybacked]] onto it and [[Read-only memory|ROM]]-based software to support it.  It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes.  It was also 100% [[DOS]] 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].
+[[File:Nokia-9110-9000.jpg|thumb|The Nokia 9000 Communicator (right) and the updated 9110 model (left)]]
+In August 1996, [[Nokia]] released the [[Nokia 9000 Communicator]], a digital cellular PDA based on the [[Nokia 2110]] with an integrated system based on the [[PEN/GEOS 3.0]] operating system from [[Geoworks]]. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a [[clamshell design]], with the display above and a physical [[QWERTY keyboard]] below. The PDA provided e-mail; calendar, address book, [[calculator]] and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone.
+In June 1999 [[Qualcomm]] released the "pdQ Smartphone", a [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] digital [[Personal Communications Service|PCS]] smartphone with an integrated [[Palm OS|Palm]] PDA and Internet connectivity.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.qualcomm.com/media/releases/1999/06/15/qualcomm-s-pdq-smartphone-provides-ideal-platform-wireless-business | title=Qualcomm's pdQ Smartphone | publisher=Qualcomm}}</ref>
+Subsequent landmark devices included:
+* The [[Ericsson R380]] (December 2000)<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Ericsson R380 / R380s {{!}} Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1062&c=ericsson_r380__r380s |website=PhoneDB |date={{date|25 Jan 2008}} |accessdate={{date|9/29/2019}}}}</ref> by [[Ericsson Mobile Communications]],<ref name="geek-com-r380-review">{{cite web | url=http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/ | title=PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone | publisher=Geek.com | accessdate=April 27, 2011 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712081211/http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/ | archivedate=July 12, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> the first phone running the operating system later named [[Symbian OS|Symbian]] (it ran [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC]] Release 5, which was renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a [[resistive touchscreen]] utilizing a [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]].<ref name="ericsson-r380-review">{{cite news | url=http://uk.pcmag.com/ericsson-r380-world/31723/review/ericsson-r380-world | title=Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating | work=PC Magazine | date=April 24, 2001 | first=Bruce | last=Brown}}</ref> While it was marketed as a "smartphone",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e | title=Ericsson Introduces The New R380e | work=Mobile Magazine | accessdate=April 27, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325060908/http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e/ | archive-date=March 25, 2012 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> users could not install their own software on the device.
+* The [[Kyocera 6035]] (February 2001),<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Kyocera QCP 6035 {{!}} Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1163&c=kyocera_qcp_6035 |website=PhoneDB |date={{date|29 Feb 2008}} |accessdate={{date|29 Sep 2019}}}}</ref> a dual-nature device with a separate [[Palm OS]] PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palminfocenter.com/view_story.asp?ID=1707 |title=Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review |publisher=Palminfocenter.com |date=March 16, 2001 |accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Segan |first=Sascha |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2361664,00.asp |title=Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years &#124; News & Opinion |publisher=PCmag.com |date=March 23, 2010 |accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref>
+* The [[Nokia 9210 Communicator]] (June 2001),<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Nokia 9210 Communicator Device Specs |url=http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=886&c=nokia_9210_communicator |website=PhoneDB |date=16 Oct 2007 |accessdate=28 Sep 2019}}</ref> the first phone running Symbian (Release 6) with [[Nokia]]'s [[Series 80 (software platform)|Series 80]] platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform allowing the installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator it's a large clamshell device with a full physical [[QWERTY keyboard]] inside.
+* [[Handspring (company)|Handspring]]'s [[Treo 180]] (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the [[Palm OS]] on a GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the [[Treo 180g|180g]] version had a [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] handwriting recognition area, instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm |title=Handspring Treo Communicator 180 |publisher=mobiletechreview.com |accessdate=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617023521/http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
+=== Japanese cell phones ===
+{{main|Japanese mobile phone culture|Mobile phone industry in Japan}}
+In 1999, Japanese wireless provider [[NTT DoCoMo]] launched [[i-mode]], a new [[mobile internet]] platform which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kilobits per second, and access web services available through the platform such as online shopping. NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used [[cHTML]], a language which restricted some aspects of traditional [[HTML]] in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available. The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001, and ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rose|first=Frank|title=Pocket Monster: How DoCoMo's wireless Internet service went from fad to phenom - and turned Japan into the first post-PC nation|journal=Wired|date=Sep 2001|volume=9|issue=9|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.09/docomo_pr.html|accessdate=January 24, 2014}}</ref> Japanese cell phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other forms of advanced services and smartphone-like functionality that were specifically tailored to the [[Japanese mobile phone culture|Japanese market]], such as [[mobile payment]]s and shopping, [[near-field communication]] (NFC) allowing [[Osaifu-Keitai|mobile wallet]] functionality to replace [[smart card]]s for transit fares, loyalty cards, identity cards, event tickets, coupons, money transfer, etc., downloadable content like musical [[ringtone]]s, [[Mobile game|game]]s, and [[Mobile comic|comic]]s, and [[1seg]] [[mobile television]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Barnes, Stuart J|first=Huff, Sid L.|title=Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless Internet, Vol. 46, No. 1|date=November 1, 2003|publisher=Communications of the ACM|pages=79–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Anwar|first=Sayid Tariq|title=NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy |url=http://www.itu.dk/~rold/1_sem/B1/Cases/DoCoMo.pdf|publisher=The American Graduate School of International Management |accessdate=February 16, 2014}}</ref> Phones built by Japanese manufacturers used custom [[firmware]], however, and didn't yet feature standardized [[mobile operating system]]s designed to cater to [[mobile developers|third-party application development]], so their software and ecosystems were akin to very advanced [[feature phone]]s. As with other feature phones, additional software and services required partnerships and deals with providers.
+The degree of integration between phones and carriers, unique phone features, non-standardized platforms, and tailoring to Japanese culture made it difficult for Japanese manufacturers to export their phones, especially when demand was so high in Japan that the companies didn't feel the need to look elsewhere for additional profits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/technology/20cell.html|title=Why Japan's Smartphones Haven't Gone Global|last=Tabuchi|first=Hiroko|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Budmar|first=Patrick|url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/430254/why_japanese_smartphones_never_went_global/|title=Why Japanese smartphones never went global|work=PC World AU|date=11 July 2012|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Devin Stewart |title=Slowing Japan's Galapagos Syndrome |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/devin-stewart/slowing-japans-galapagos_b_557446.html |quote='Galapagos syndrome', a phrase originally coined to describe Japanese cell phones that were so advanced they had little in common with devices used in the rest of the world, could potentially spread to other parts of society. Indeed signs suggest it is happening already. |work=[[Huffington Post]] |date=April 29, 2010 |accessdate=2010-06-24 |author-link= Devin Stewart}}</ref>
+The rise of [[3G]] technology in other markets and non-Japanese phones with powerful standardized [[mobile operating system|smartphone operating system]]s, [[app store]]s, and advanced wireless network capabilities allowed non-Japanese phone manufacturers to finally break in to the Japanese market, gradually adopting Japanese phone features like [[emoji]]s, mobile payments, NFC, etc. and spreading them to the rest of the world.
+=== Early smartphones ===
+[[File:BlackBerry_8820,_BlackBerry_Bold_9900_and_BlackBerry_Classic.jpg|thumb|Several [[BlackBerry]] smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s]]
+Phones that made effective use of any significant data connectivity were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the [[Danger Hiptop]] in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the [[T-Mobile]] Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft's [[Windows Mobile]], and then [[BlackBerry]] smartphones from [[Research In Motion]]. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the BlackBerry's addictive nature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Info Addicts Are All Thumbs: Crackberry Is the 2006 Word of the Year|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/websters-new-worldr-college-dictionary-info-addicts-are-all-thumbs-55824847.html|accessdate=January 24, 2014|newspaper=PR Newswire|date=November 1, 2006}}</ref> In the U.S., the high cost of data plans and relative rarity of devices with [[Wi-Fi]] capabilities that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of smartphones mainly to business professionals and "[[early adopters]]."
+Outside the U.S. and Japan, Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on [[Symbian]], originally developed by [[Psion (company)|Psion]] for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular smartphone OS in [[Europe]] during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the [[Nokia Eseries|Eseries]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/symbian-platform/articles/88622.aspx |title=The Nokia E Series Range of Smartphones |publisher=Brighthub.com |date=27 September 2010 |accessdate=6 September 2017 }}</ref> similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones, popularized by the entertainment-focused [[Nokia Nseries|Nseries]]. Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schroeder |first=Stan |url=http://mashable.com/2010/02/23/gartner-smartphones/ |title=Smartphones in 2009: Symbian Dominates, iPhone, RIM and Android Rising Fast |publisher=Mashable |date=23 February 2010 |accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref>
+The touchscreen [[PDA]]-derived nature of adapted operating systems like [[Palm OS]], the "Pocket PC" versions of what was later [[Windows Mobile]], and the [[UIQ]] interface that was originally designed for pen-based [[PDA]]s on [[Symbian OS]] devices resulted in some early smartphones having stylus-based interfaces. These allowed for virtual keyboards and/or handwriting input, thus also allowing easy entry of Asian characters.<ref name="JobsKilledTheStylus">{{cite web|last1=Whitwam|first1=Ryan|url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/98923-how-steve-jobs-killed-the-stylus-and-made-smartphones-usable|title=How Steve Jobs killed the stylus and made smartphones usable |website=ExtremeTech |accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>
+By the mid-2000s, the majority of smartphones had a physical [[QWERTY]] keyboard. Most used a "[[Form factor (mobile phones)#Keyboard bars|keyboard bar]]" form factor, like the [[BlackBerry]] line, [[Windows Mobile]] smartphones, [[Palm Treo]]s, and some of the [[Nokia Eseries]]. A few hid their full physical QWERTY keyboard in a [[Form factor (mobile phones)#Slider|sliding form factor]], like the [[Danger Hiptop]] line. Some even had only a [[Telephone keypad|numeric keypad]] using [[T9 (predictive text)|T9 text input]], like the [[Nokia Nseries]] and other models in the [[Nokia Eseries]]. [[Resistive touchscreen]]s with [[Stylus (computing)|stylus]]-based interfaces could still be found on a few smartphones, like the [[Palm Treo]]s, which had dropped their handwriting input after a few early models that were available in versions with [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] instead of a keyboard.
+=== Form factor and operating system shifts ===
+[[File:IPhone_1st_Gen.svg|thumb|upright|The original [[iPhone (1st generation)|Apple iPhone]]; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World"/>]]
+The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away from devices with physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large finger-operated [[Touchscreen#Capacitive|capacitive]] touchscreens.<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World">{{cite web |last=Elgan |first=Mike |title=How iPhone Changed the World |url=https://www.cultofmac.com/103229/how-iphone-changed-the-world/ |website=Cult of Mac |date={{date|July 2, 2011}} |accessdate={{date|10/17/2019}}}}</ref> The first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the [[LG Prada]], announced by [[LG Electronics|LG]] in December 2006.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.lge.com/about/press_archive/detail/AB_NARCH%7CMENU_1_20302.jhtml |title=LG, Prada to Start Selling Mobile Phone at Start of Next Year |date=December 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108070435/http://www.lge.com/about/press_archive/detail/AB_NARCH%7CMENU_1_20302.jhtml |archive-date=January 8, 2007}}</ref> This was a fashionable [[feature phone]] created in collaboration with Italian luxury designer [[Prada]] with a 3" 240x400 pixel screen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#prada|title =Vintage Mobiles: LG Prada - First mobile with a capacitive touchscreen (May 2007) |last=Temple|first=Stephen|publisher=History of GMS: Birth of the mobile revolution}}</ref>
+In January 2007, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] introduced the [[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone]].<ref>{{cite video | people=Jobs, Steve | date=January 19, 2007 | url=https://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtv/mwsf07/ | title=Macworld San Francisco 2007 Keynote Address | location=San Francisco | publisher=Apple, Inc. | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222223204/http://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtv/mwsf07/ | archivedate=December 22, 2010 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.macworld.com/article/54764/2007/01/liveupdate.html | title=Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update | first=Peter | last=Cohen | date=March 13, 2007 | work=[[Macworld]] | accessdate=July 21, 2010 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724170414/http://www.macworld.com/article/54764/2007/01/liveupdate.html | archivedate=July 24, 2010
+}}</ref><ref>{{cite pressrelease |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/01/09Apple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone/ |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |date={{date|Jan 09, 2007}} |accessdate={{date|Oct 16, 2019}}}}</ref> It had a 3.5" [[Touchscreen#Capacitive|capacitive]] touchscreen with twice the common resolution of most [[Comparison of smartphones#2007|smartphone screens at the time]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Louis |first=Tristan |title=The iPhone is here  |url=http://www.tnl.net/blog/2007/01/09/the-iphone-is-here/ |website=TNL.net |date={{date|January 9, 2007}} |accessdate={{date|10/16/2019}}}}</ref> and introduced [[multi-touch]] to phones, which allowed gestures such as "pinching" to zoom in or out on photos, maps, and web pages. The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind targeted at the mass market to abandon the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of contemporary smartphones, instead using a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction.<ref name="JobsKilledTheStylus"/>
+The iPhone's [[Mobile operating system|operating system]] was also a shift away from previous ones that were adapted from [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]s and [[feature phone]]s, to one powerful enough to avoid using a limited, [[Mobile browser|stripped down web browser]] requiring pages specially formatted using technologies such as [[Wireless Markup Language|WML]], [[i-mode|cHTML]], or [[XHTML]] that previous phones supported and instead run a version of Apple's [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] browser that could easily render full websites<ref>{{cite news |author=Walter S. Mossberg |author2=Katherine Boehret |authorlink=Walter Mossberg |title=The iPhone Is a Breakthrough Handheld Computer |url=http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070626/the-iphone-is-breakthrough-handheld-computer/ |work=The Mossberg Solution |date={{date|June 26, 2007}} |quote=The iPhone is the first smart phone we've tested with a real, computer-grade Web browser, a version of Apple's Safari. It displays entire Web pages, in their real layouts, and allows you to zoom in quickly by either tapping or pinching with your finger.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Steven |title=First Look: Test Driving the iPhone |url=https://www.newsweek.com/first-look-test-driving-iphone-102625 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date={{date|6/25/07}} |accessdate={{date|10/16/2019}} |quote=Web-browsing is where the iPhone leaves competitors in the dust. It does the best job yet of compressing the World Wide Web on a palm-size device. The screen can nicely display an entire Web page, and by dragging, tapping, pinching and stretching your fingers you can zero in on the part of the page you want to read. Web pages you wouldn't dare go to on other phones are suddenly accessible}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ed Baig |title=iPhone Review |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-review_N.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |date={{date|June 26, 2007}} |accessdate={{date|10/16/2019}} |quote=This is the closest thing to the real-deal Internet that I've seen on a pocket-size device ... IPhone runs Apple's Safari browser. You can view full Web pages, then double-tap the screen to zoom in. Or pinch to make text larger. Sliding your finger moves the page around. Rotating iPhone lets you view a page widescreen.|author-link=Ed Baig }}</ref> not specifically designed for phones.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shea |first=Dave |title=iMobile |url=http://mezzoblue.com/archives/2007/01/09/imobile/ |website=mezzoblue.com |date={{date|January 09, 2007}} |accessdate={{date|10/16/2019}} |quote=It doesn't run a stripped-down mobile browser that delivers a sub-par experience, it runs Safari - a customized version with special UI tweaks, but that's still WebKit under the hood. It will render your site the same way your desktop does.}}</ref>
+Later Apple shipped a [[iPhone OS 2|software update]] that gave the iPhone a built-in on-device [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] allowing direct wireless downloads of [[Mobile developers|third-party]] software.<ref>{{cite web | first=Geoff | last=Duncan | title=Apple confirms iPhone SDK coming next year | url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/apple-confirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-year/ | website=[[Digital Trends]] | date=October 17, 2007 | accessdate=June 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Steve Jobs confirms native iPhone SDK by February | url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/07/10/17/steve_jobs_confirms_native_iphone_sdk_by_february | website=AppleInsider | date=October 17, 2007 | accessdate=June 11, 2017}}</ref> This kind of centralized App Store and free [[Software development kit|developer tools]]<ref>{{cite web | first=Jim | last=Dalrymple | title=Apple unveils iPhone SDK | url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1132400/iphonesdk.html | website=[[Macworld]] | publisher=[[International Data Group]] | date=March 6, 2008 | accessdate=June 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Ryan | last=Block | authorlink=Ryan Block | title=Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference | url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ | website=[[Engadget]] | publisher=[[AOL]] | date=March 6, 2008 | accessdate=June 11, 2017}}</ref> quickly became the new main paradigm for all smartphone platforms for software [[Software development|development]], [[Software distribution|distribution]], discovery, [[Installation (computer programs)|installation]], and payment, in place of expensive developer tools that required official approval to use and a dependence on [[List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms.<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World" />
+The advantages of a design with software powerful enough to support advanced applications and a large capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone OS platform, [[Android (operating system)|Android]], with a more BlackBerry-like prototype device scrapped in favor of a touchscreen device with a slide-out physical keyboard, as Google's engineers thought at the time that a touchscreen could not completely replace a physical keyboard and buttons.<ref name=atlantic-startover>{{cite web|title=The Day Google Had to 'Start Over' on Android|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="AndroidInc">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm |title=Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal |last=Elgin |first=Ben |date=17 August 2005 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |publisher=Bloomberg |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205190729/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm |archivedate=5 February 2011 |url-status=live |accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref><ref name="EngadgetMobileOS">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/google-is-working-on-a-mobile-os-and-its-due-out-shortly |title=Google is working on a mobile OS, and it's due out shortly |last=Block |first=Ryan |work=[[Engadget]] |date=28 August 2007 |accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref> Android is based around a modified Linux kernel, again providing more power than [[mobile operating system]]s adapted from PDAs and feature phones. The first Android device, the horizontal-sliding [[HTC Dream]], was released in September 2008.<ref name="cnet-tmobileretailer">{{cite web | url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10149502-1.html | title=All T-Mobile retail stores to carry G1 | work=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] | accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref>
+==== Smartphone OS competition ====
+The iPhone and later touchscreen-only Android devices together popularized the slate [[Form factor (mobile phones)|form factor]], based on a large capacitive touchscreen as the sole means of interaction, and led to the decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms.<ref name="How iPhone Changed the World" /> Multiple vendors attempted to update or replace their existing smartphone platforms and devices to better-compete with Android and the iPhone; Palm unveiled a new platform known as [[webOS]] for its [[Palm Pre]] in late-2009 to replace [[Palm OS]], which featured a focus on a task-based "card" metaphor and seamless synchronization and integration between various online services (as opposed to the then-conventional concept of a smartphone needing a PC to serve as a "canonical, authoritative repository" for user data).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/palm-launches-new-handset-pre-operating-system-at-ces/|title=Palm strikes back with new OS, pre handset at CES|last=Stokes|first=Jon|date=2009-01-08|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/of-clouds-palms-webos-and-cutting-the-cord/|title="Synergy" means no need to "save" or "sync" on Palm's pre|last=Stokes|first=Jon|date=2009-01-12|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] acquired Palm in 2010 and released several other webOS devices, including the [[Pre 3]] and [[HP TouchPad]] tablet. As part of a proposed divestment of its consumer business to focus on enterprise software, HP abruptly ended development of future webOS devices in August 2011, and sold the rights to webOS to [[LG Electronics]] in 2013, for use as a [[smart TV]] platform.<ref>{{cite news|last=Iwatani|first=Yukari|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904070604576516770382416428|title=Pioneering Firm Bows to 'Post-PC World'|date=August 19, 2011|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=November 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-21587666|title=HP sells Palm WebOS assets to LG|date=2013-02-26|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-02|language=en-GB}}</ref>
+[[Research in Motion]] introduced the vertical-sliding [[BlackBerry Torch]] and BlackBerry OS 6 in 2010, which featured a redesigned user interface, support for gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, and a new web browser based on the same [[WebKit]] rendering engine used by the iPhone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/blackberry-torch-9800-review/|title=BlackBerry Torch 9800 review: BlackBerry Torch 9800|last=Cha|first=Bonnie|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2010/09/21/can-blackerry-torch-compete-with-iphone/|title=Can Blackerry Torch compete with iPhone?|date=2010-09-21|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The following year, RIM released BlackBerry OS 7 and new models in the [[BlackBerry Bold|Bold]] and Torch ranges, which included a new Bold with a touchscreen alongside its keyboard, and the Torch 9860—the first BlackBerry phone to not include a physical keyboard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/08/03/rim-launches-blackberry-torch-9810-torch-9850-and/|title=RIM launches BlackBerry Torch 9810, Torch 9860 and Bold 9900, we go hands-on!|website=Engadget|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> In 2013, it replaced the legacy BlackBerry OS with a revamped, [[QNX]]-based platform known as [[BlackBerry 10]], with the all-touch [[BlackBerry Z10]] and keyboard-equipped [[BlackBerry Q10|Q10]] as launch devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/30/3929760/blackberry-z10-review|title=BlackBerry Z10 review: a new life, or life support?|last=Topolsky|first=Joshua|date=2013-01-30|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
+In 2010, Microsoft unveiled a replacement for Windows Mobile known as [[Windows Phone]], featuring a new touchscreen-centric user interface built around [[flat design]] and typography, a home screen with "live tiles" containing feeds of updates from apps, as well as integrated [[Microsoft Office]] apps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/189347/Windows_Phone_7_An_Indepth_Look_at_the_Features_and_Interface.html|title=Windows Phone 7: An In-depth Look at the Features and Interface|date=2010-02-15|website=PCWorld|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> In February 2011, Nokia announced that it had entered into a major partnership with Microsoft, under which it would exclusively use Windows Phone on all of its future smartphones, and integrate Microsoft's [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]] search engine and [[Bing Maps]] (which, as part of the partnership, would also license [[Nokia Maps]] data) into all future devices. The announcement led to the abandonment of both Symbian, as well as [[MeeGo]]—a Linux-based mobile platform it was co-developing with Intel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-12427680|title=Nokia and Microsoft form partnership|last=|first=|date=11 February 2011|website=BBC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weintraub |first=Seth |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/08/nokias-elop-drops-bomb-the-platform-is-on-fire/ |title=Nokia's Elop drops bomb: the platform is on fire|publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2011-02-08 |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=ben-Aaron|first=Diana|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-11/nokia-joins-forces-with-microsoft-to-challenge-dominance-of-apple-google.html|title=Nokia Falls Most Since July 2009 After Microsoft Deal|date=11 February 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> Nokia's low-end [[Lumia 520]] saw strong demand and helped Windows Phone gain niche popularity in some markets,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/10/windows-phone-is-now-officially-dead-a-sad-tale-of-what-might-have-been/|title=Windows Phone is now officially dead: A sad tale of what might have been|last=Bright|first=Peter|date=2017-10-09|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> overtaking BlackBerry in global market share in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/lumia-520-extends-lead-as-most-popular-windows-phone-as-nokia-takes-90-percent-of-the-market/|title=Lumia 520 extends lead as most popular Windows Phone, as Nokia takes 90 percent of the market|last=Tung|first=Liam|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/idc-windows-phone-sees-largest-year-over-year-increase-android-still-dominates/|title=IDC: Windows Phone sees largest year-over-year increase, Android still dominates|last=Miller|first=Matthew|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
+Many of these attempts to compete with Android and iPhone were short-lived. Over the course of the decade, the two platforms became a clear [[duopoly]] in smartphone sales and market share, with BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and "other" operating systems eventually stagnating to little or no measurable market share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/16/14634656/android-ios-market-share-blackberry-2016|title=99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS|last=Vincent|first=James|date=2017-02-16|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/20/9181269/gartner-q2-2015-smartphone-sales|title=96.8 percent of new smartphones sold are either iPhone or Android devices|last=Savov|first=Vlad|date=2015-08-20|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref> In 2015, BlackBerry began to pivot away from its in-house mobile platforms in favor of producing Android devices, focusing on a security-enhanced distribution of the software. The following year, the company announced that it would also exit the hardware market to focus more on software and its enterprise middleware,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/au/news/blackberry-to-stop-building-its-own-smartphones/|title=BlackBerry bails on building its own phones|work=CNET|access-date=June 21, 2017|language=en}}</ref> and began to license the BlackBerry brand and its Android distribution to third-party OEMs such as [[TCL Corporation|TCL]] for future devices.<ref name="tc-tcldeal">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/15/blackberry/|title=TCL signs an exclusive deal to build BlackBerry-branded phones|website=TechCrunch|access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name=gandm-bbpriv>{{cite news|title=BlackBerry bets on Android's apps to buoy new Priv|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/tech-news/blackberry-revenue-falls-short-adjusted-loss-more-than-expected/article26539263/|accessdate=26 September 2015|work=The Globe & Mail}}</ref>
+In September 2013, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire Nokia's mobile device business for $7.1 billion, as part of a strategy under CEO [[Steve Ballmer]] for Microsoft to be a "devices and services" company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/8/8910999/microsoft-job-cuts-2015-nokia-write-off|title=Microsoft writes off $7.6 billion from Nokia deal, announces 7,800 job cuts|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2015-07-08|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> Despite the growth of Windows Phone and the [[Microsoft Lumia|Lumia]] range (which accounted for nearly 90% of all Windows Phone devices sold),<ref name="PocketNowNokia90percent">{{cite news|last=Rivera|first=Jaime|url=http://pocketnow.com/2013/10/18/nokia-owns-90-of-the-windows-phone-market-share|title=Nokia owns 90% of the Windows Phone market share.|date=18 October 2013|newspaper=PocketNow}}</ref> the platform never had significant market share in the key U.S. market,<ref name=":0" /> and Microsoft was unable to maintain Windows Phone's momentum in the years that followed, resulting in dwindling interest from users and app developers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/23/9602350/microsoft-windows-phone-app-removal-windows-store|title=Windows Phone has a new app problem|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2015-10-23|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> After Balmer was succeeded by [[Satya Nadella]] (who has placed a larger focus on software and cloud computing) as CEO of Microsoft, it took a $7.6 billion [[write-off]] on the Nokia assets in July 2015, and laid off nearly the entire [[Microsoft Mobile]] unit in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/25/11766344/microsoft-nokia-impairment-layoffs-may-2016|title=Microsoft lays off hundreds as it guts its phone business|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2016-05-25|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/10/16452162/windows-phone-history-glorious-failure|title=Windows Phone was a glorious failure|last=Savov|first=Vlad|date=2017-10-10|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/8/8910999/microsoft-job-cuts-2015-nokia-write-off|title=Microsoft writes off $7.6 billion from Nokia deal, announces 7,800 job cuts|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2015-07-08|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
+Prior to the completion of the sale to Microsoft, Nokia released a series of Android-derived smartphones for [[Emerging market|emerging markets]] known as [[Nokia X family|Nokia X]], which combined an Android-based platform with elements of Windows Phone and Nokia's feature phone platform [[Nokia Asha platform|Asha]], using Microsoft and Nokia services rather than Google.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/24/5440498/nokia-x-android-phone-hands-on|title=This is Nokia X: Android and Windows Phone collide|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2014-02-24|website=The Verge|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>
+=== Camera advancements ===
+[[File:Nokia 9 Pureview 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Nokia 9 PureView]] features a five-lens camera array, using a mixture of color and monochrome sensors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dxomark.com/nokia-9-pureview-camera-review/|title=Updated: Nokia 9 PureView camera review|date=2019-09-18|website=DXOMARK|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>]]
+{{further|Digital camera|Camera phone}}
+The first commercial [[camera phone]] was the [[Kyocera]] [[Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone|Visual Phone VP-210]], released in Japan in May 1999.<ref name="CameraphonesLookBackForward">{{cite web |last=Yegulalp |first=Serdar |title=Camera phones: A look back and forward |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camera-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.html |website=[[Computerworld]] |date={{date|11 May 2012}} |accessdate={{date|15 Sep 2019}}}}</ref> It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=First mobile videophone introduced |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/ptech/9905/18/japan.phonetv/ |agency=[[CNN]] |date={{date|May 18, 1999}} |accessdate={{date|15 Sep 2019}}}}</ref> and had a 110,000-[[pixel]] [[front-facing camera]].<ref name="CameraphonesLookBackForward"/> It could send up to two images per second over Japan's [[Personal Handy-phone System]] (PHS) [[cellular network]], and store up to 20 [[JPEG]] [[digital images]], which could be sent over [[e-mail]].<ref name="CameraphonesLookBackForward"/> The first mass-market camera phone was the [[J-SH04]], a [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] [[J-Phone]] model sold in Japan in November 2000.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hoi Wan |url=http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |title=Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview |publisher=Hoista.net |date={{date|2012-02-28}} |accessdate={{date|2013-06-21}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731053246/http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |archivedate={{date|2013-07-31}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/ |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date={{date|Aug 11, 2013}} |accessdate={{date|15 Sep 2019}}}}</ref> It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone [[telecommunication]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Taking pictures with your phone |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1550622.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |agency=[[BBC]] |date={{date|18 Sep 2001}} |accessdate={{date|15 Sep 2019}}}}</ref>
+By the mid-2000s, higher-end [[cell phones]] commonly had integrated digital cameras. In 2003 [[camera phone]]s outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of the [[installed base]] of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.<ref name="SmartphonesTollonGPS">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin J. |title=Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html |work=New York Times |date={{date|15 Nov 2010}}}}</ref>
+Many early smartphones didn't have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket cameras and fullfill user's needs.<ref name=Nokia6111>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_6111-review-61.php|title=Nokia 6111 review: Venus and maybe Mars too|website=GSMArena.com}}</ref> By the beginning of the 2010s almost all smartphones had an integrated digital camera. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the increasing use of smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual photography, easier [[Digital image processing|image manipulation]], and abilities to directly [[Image sharing|share photos]] through the use of [[Mobile app|apps]] and web-based services.<ref name="SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots">{{cite web |last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos |url=https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/ |website=Gigaom |date={{date|Dec 22, 2011}} |accessdate={{date|10/22/2019}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Siegler |first=MG |title=iPhone 4 About To Be Flickr's Top Camera. Point & Shoots? Pretty Much The Opposite. |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/17/iphone-4-camera/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |date={{date|2011-04-17}} |accessdate={{date|11/4/2019}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooke |first=Alex |title=Nikon Closes China Camera Factory, Cites Smartphones as Cause |url=https://fstoppers.com/news/nikon-closes-china-camera-factory-cites-smartphones-cause-201773 |date={{date|2017-10-30}} |website=Fstoppers |language=en |access-date={{date|2019-08-23}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smile, and Say 'Android' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/technology/personaltech/androidcameras-from-nikon-and-samsung-go-beyond-cellphones-review.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |work=New York Times |date={{date|20 Dec 2012}} |accessdate={{date|22 Aug 2013}}}}</ref> By 2011, cell phones with integrated cameras were selling hundreds of millions per year. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35.395 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their peak.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stirr |first=Thomas |url=http://tomstirrphotography.com/digital-camera-sales-continued-decline |title=Digital Camera Sales Continued To Decline In 2015 |date={{date|April 2, 2016}} |accessdate={{date|Oct 31, 2016}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/269927/sales-of-analog-and-digital-cameras-worldwide-since-2002/ |title=Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 (in millions) |accessdate={{date|March 28, 2017}}}}</ref>
+Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for photography, smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing [[bokeh]] in images, but nowadays, some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with different focus settings, then combining the background of the main image with a [[Macro photography|macro focus shot]].
+In 2007 the [[Nokia N95]] was notable as a smartphone that had a 5.0 [[Megapixel]] (MP) camera, when most others had cameras with around 3 MP or less than 2 MP. Some specialized feature phones like the [[LG Viewty]], [[Samsung SGH-G800]], and [[Sony Ericsson K850i]], all released later that year, also had 5.0 MP cameras. By 2010 5.0 MP cameras were common; a few smartphones had 8.0 MP cameras and the [[Nokia N8]], [[Sony Ericsson Satio]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtechnology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/ |title=Sony Ericsson Satio – A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience |publisher=Newtechnology.co.in |accessdate={{date|2013-06-21}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714020642/http://www.newtechnology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/ |archivedate={{date|2012-07-14}} }}</ref> and [[Samsung M8910 Pixon12]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtechnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/ |title=Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera-phone |publisher=Newtechnology.co.in |accessdate={{date|2013-06-21}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424142402/http://www.newtechnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/ |archivedate={{date|2012-04-24}} }}</ref> feature phone had 12 MP. In 2009 the [[Samsung Omnia HD]] was the first phone with [[720p]] video recording. A 14-megapixel smartphone with 3x optical zoom was announced in late 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chan |first=John |title=Hands-on with the 14-megapixel Altek Leo |url=http://asia.cnet.com/crave/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-altek-leo-62111524.htm |publisher=CBS Interactive |work=CNET |date={{date|Jun 15, 2010}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403042848/http://asia.cnet.com/crave/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-altek-leo-62111524.htm |archivedate={{date|2012-04-03}}}}</ref> In 2012 Nokia announced the [[Nokia 808 PureView]], featuring a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 Zeiss all-aspherical one-group lens. [[1080p]] video recording on a smartphone was achieved [[Galaxy S2|in 2011]], and [[2160p]] (4K) video recording [[Galaxy Note 3|in 2013]]. In 2016 [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] introduced the [[iPhone 7 Plus]], one of the phones to popularize a dual camera setup. The [[iPhone 7 Plus]] included a main 12 MP camera along with a 12 MP telephoto camera.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cade |first=DL |title=Apple Just Released Their Fake Bokeh Portrait Mode to Everyone |url=https://petapixel.com/2016/10/24/apple-just-released-fake-bokeh-portrait-mode-everyone/ |website=PetaPixel |date={{date|Oct 24, 2016}} |accessdate={{date|11/5/2019}}}}</ref> In early 2018 [[Huawei]] released a new flagship phone, the [[Huawei P20|Huawei P20 Pro]], with one of the first triple camera lens setups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cell-phone-reviews/huawei-p20-pro-review/#/2/1 |title=Huawei P20 Pro review |author=Andy Boxall |date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> In late 2018, [[Samsung]] released a new mid-range smartphone, the [[Samsung Galaxy A9 (2018)|Galaxy A9 (2018)]] with the world's first quad camera setup. The [[Nokia 9 PureView]] was released in 2019 featuring a penta-lens camera system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nokia 9 PureView - Full phone specifications |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_9_pureview-8867.php |website=GSMarena.com |access-date={{date|2019-05-20}}}}</ref>
+=== Display advancements ===
+[[File:IPhone X vector.svg|thumb|upright|The [[iPhone X]]]]
+In the early 2010s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least 5.5 inches diagonal, dubbed "[[phablet]]s", began to achieve popularity, with the 2011 [[Samsung Galaxy Note series]] gaining notably wide adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/29/1-million-galaxy-notes-shipped-worldwide-us-fans-throw-money-at/|title=1 million Galaxy Notes shipped worldwide, US fans throw money at their screens |author=Mat Smith |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date={{date|December 29, 2011}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Samsung: 10M Galaxy Notes sold in nine months |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57493718-94/samsung-10m-galaxy-notes-sold-in-nine-months/ |website=[[CNET]] |accessdate={{date|18 January 2013}}}}</ref> In 2013, Huawei launched the [[Huawei Mate series]], sporting a 6.1-inch HD (1280x720) IPS+ LCD display, which was considered to be quite large at the time.<ref>[https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/05/huawei-mate-flagships-history.html/amp History Of The Huawei Mate Flagships] {{date|May 2, 2019}}.</ref>
+Some companies began to release smartphones in 2013 incorporating [[flexible display]]s to create curved form factors, such as the [[Samsung Galaxy Round]] and [[LG G Flex]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung's Galaxy Round is the first phone with a curved display |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/8/4818572/samsung-galaxy-round-curved-oled-smartphone-official |website=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media |accessdate={{date|21 March 2017}}}}</ref><ref name=engadget-gflexfcc>{{cite web |title=LG G Flex appears on the FCC with AT&T-friendly LTE |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/15/lg-g-flex-att-lte/ |work=Engadget |accessdate={{date|9 March 2014}}}}</ref><ref name=engadget-gflexannounce>{{cite web |title=LG G Flex announced with vertically curved 6-inch 720p screen, 'self-repairing' back cover |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/27/lg-g-flex/ |work=Engadget |publisher=Verizon Media |accessdate={{date|9 March 2014}}}}</ref>
+By 2014, [[1440p]] displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dent |first=Steve |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/18/do-you-really-need-a-4k-smartphone-screen/ |title=Do you really need a 4K smartphone screen? |date={{date|Feb 18, 2014}}}}</ref> In 2015, Sony released the [[Xperia Z5 Premium]], featuring a [[4K resolution]] display, although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution (all other software was shown at 1080p).<ref name="engadget-4k1080psony">{{cite web |title=Sony's 4K smartphone shows most content in 1080p |url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/09/15/sony-xperia-z5-premium-not-so-4k/ |website=Engadget |accessdate={{date|21 March 2017}}}}</ref>
+New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017, with both LG and Samsung releasing flagship smartphones ([[LG G6]] and [[Galaxy S8]]), utilizing displays with taller [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]s than the common [[16:9]] ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as a "bezel-less design". These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement, but with a slimmer width than 16:9 displays with an equivalent screen size.<ref name="ndtv-lgg6">{{cite web |title=LG G6 With 5.7-Inch FullVision Display, Google Assistant Launched at MWC 2017 |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/lg-g6-launched-at-mwc-2017-price-release-date-specifications-and-more-1663697 |website=Gadgets360 |publisher=NDTV |accessdate={{date|26 Feb 2017}}}}</ref><ref name="verge-g6unveil">{{cite web |title=The LG G6 is sleek, solid, and surprisingly sensible |url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/2/26/14741886/lg-g6-announced-specs-features-mwc-2017 |website=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media |accessdate={{date|26 Feb 2017}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/29/15087530/samsung-galaxy-s8-announced-features-release-date-video-specifications |title=This is the Samsung Galaxy S8, coming April 21st |work=The Verge |access-date={{date|2018-10-04}}}}</ref>
+Another trend popularized in 2017 were displays containing tab-like cut-outs at the top-centre—colloquially known as a "notch"—to contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically located along the top bezel of a device.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/YFHDoI8YuK4SkZqViPN4VN/Why-do-Android-phones-want-a-notch.html |title=Why do Android phones want a notch? |last=Mathur |first=Vishal |date={{date|2018-04-29}} |work=Livemint |access-date={{date|2018-10-04}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3293447/android/android-phone-notch-requirements.html |title=Google thankfully bans Android phones with three notches or other exotic configurations |work=PCWorld |access-date={{date|2018-10-04}}}}</ref> These designs allow for "edge-to-edge" displays that take up nearly the entire height of the device, with little to no bezel along the top, and sometimes a minimal bottom bezel as well. This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the [[Sharp Aquos S2]] and the [[Essential Phone]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/First-notch-phone-Sharp-not-Essential_id105608 |title=What was the first phone with a notch? Answer may surprise you |last=Petrov |first=Daniel |work=Phone Arena |access-date={{date|2018-10-04}}}}</ref> which featured circular tabs for their cameras, followed just a month later by the [[iPhone X]], which used a wider tab to contain a camera and facial scanning system known as [[Face ID]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Samuel |last=Axon |title=How app developers and designers feel about the iPhone X—and the notch |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/11/how-devs-updated-their-apps-for-the-iphone-xs-screen-and-the-notch/2/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date={{date|Nov 25, 2017}} |accessdate={{date|Dec 4, 2017}}}}</ref> The 2016 [[LG V10]] had a precursor to the concept, with a portion of the screen wrapped around the camera area in the top-left corner, with the resulting area marketed as a "second" display that could be used for various supplemental features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/cut-it-out-a-brief-history-of-the-smartphone-notch|title=Cut it out: how the smartphone notch became ‘a thing’|last=Andrew|first=Williams|date=2018-11-14|website=TechRadar|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
+Other variations of the practice later emerged, such as a "hole-punch" camera (such as those of the [[Honor (brand)|Honor]] View 20, and Samsung's [[Samsung Galaxy A8s|Galaxy A8s]] and [[Galaxy S10]])—eschewing the tabbed "notch" for a circular or rounded-rectangular cut-out within the screen instead,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/phones/news/146822-hole-punch-camera-vs-notch-vs-slider-honor-samsung|title=Is the hole-punch camera here to stay? We look at the pros and cons of the front camera design|last=Pocket-lint|date=2020-02-11|website=Pocket-lint|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> while [[Oppo]] released the first "all-screen" phones with no notches at all<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/oppo-find-x-review/|title=Oppo Find X review: Sexier and more innovative than the Galaxy S9|last=Low|first=Aloysius|date=August 20, 2019|website=CNET|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref>, including one with a mechanical front camera that pops up from the top of the device ([[Oppo Find X|Find X]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/6/19/17476338/oppo-find-x-phone-announcement-specs-price|title=Oppo’s Find X ditches the notch for pop-up cameras|last=Seifert|first=Dan|date=2018-06-19|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> and a 2019 prototype for a front-facing camera that can be embedded and hidden below the display, using a special partially-translucent screen structure that allows light to reach the [[image sensor]] below the panel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/26/18759380/under-display-selfie-camera-first-oppo-announcement|title=Oppo unveils the world’s first under-screen selfie camera|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=2019-06-26|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
+=== Foldable smartphones ===
+{{main|Foldable smartphone}}
+Smartphones utilizing [[Rollable display|flexible displays]] were theorized as possible once manufacturing costs and production processes were feasible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/bendable-smartphones-arent-coming-anytime-soon-20131213-2zbtq.html|title=Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon|last=King|first=Ian|date=2013-12-15|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> In November 2018, the startup company Royole unveiled the first commercially available [[foldable smartphone]], the Royole FlexPai. Also that month, Samsung presented a prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its developers conference, with a smaller, outer display on its "cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when opened. Samsung stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat the display as opposed to glass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/8/18074838/samsung-foldable-phone-infinity-flex-display-technology-report|title=The foldable phones are coming|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2018-11-08|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/11/5/18067116/royole-flexpai-flexible-display-foldable-smartphone-tablet-pricing-features-release-date|title=We tried the world's first folding phone, and it actually works|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2018-11-05|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/7/18072514/samsung-foldable-phone-screen-features-photos-sdc-2018|title=This is Samsung's foldable smartphone|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2018-11-07|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> Samsung officially announced the [[Samsung Galaxy Fold|Galaxy Fold]], based on the previously-demonstrated prototype, in February 2019 for an originally-scheduled release in late-April.<ref name="ars-galaxyfold">{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/02/samsungs-foldable-phone-is-finally-official-meet-the-galaxy-fold/|title=Samsung's foldable phone is finally official—meet the Galaxy Fold|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2019-02-20|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Due to various durability issues with the display and hinge systems encountered by early reviewers, the release of the Galaxy Fold was delayed to September to allow for design changes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20850693/samsung-galaxy-fold-hands-on-ifa-2019-fixed-display-hinge|title=How Samsung fixed the Galaxy Fold|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=2019-09-05|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> Motorola also introduced a variation of the concept with its re-imagining of the [[Motorola Razr (2020)|Razr]], using a horizontally-folding display to create a [[Clamshell design|clamshell]] form factor of the company's previous [[Motorola Razr|feature phone range of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/13/20963294/motorola-razr-new-foldable-smartphone-android-hands-on-flip-phone-photos-video|title=Motorola resurrects the Razr as a foldable Android smartphone|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=2019-11-13|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
+=== Other developments in the 2010s ===
+==== 2011 ====
+The first smartphone with a [[fingerprint reader]] was the [[Motorola Atrix 4G]] in 2011.<ref name="Fingerprint Scanner On Phones: History & Evolution, But Do We Really Need That?">{{cite web|url=https://www.igadgetsworld.com/fingerprint-scanner-history-evolution-but-do-we-really-need-that/|title=Fingerprint Scanner On Phones: History & Evolution, But Do We Really Need That?|publisher=Web cusp}}</ref> In September 2013, the [[iPhone 5S]] was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to feature this technology.<ref name="The Verge announcement">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/10/4715372/confirmed-apple-iphone-5s-will-include-touch-id-fingerprint-scanner|title=Apple's new iPhone will read your fingerprint|website=[[The Verge]]|first=Casey|last=Newton|date=September 10, 2013|accessdate=September 11, 2013}}</ref> Once again, the iPhone popularized this concept.
+==== 2012 ====
+In 2012, Samsung introduced the [[Galaxy S3]] (GT-i9300) with retrofittable [[wireless charging]], pop-up video playback, [[4G]]-[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] variant (GT-i9305) [[quad-core]] processor.
+==== 2013 ====
+In 2013, [[Fairphone]] launched its first ''"socially ethical"'' smartphone at the [[London Design Festival]] to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing<ref name="Fair">{{cite news|title=Why is Apple so shifty about how it makes the iPhone?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/23/apple-shifty-about-making-iphone?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=50104&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2fcommentisfree%2f2013%2fsep%2f23%2fapple-shifty-about-making-iphone|accessdate=September 24, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 23, 2013|author=George Monbiot}}</ref> followed by [[Shiftphone]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gruenderszene.de/allgemein/shiftphone-fairphone-deutschland-test|title=So gut ist das erste Fairphone aus Deutschland|last=Schröder|first=Horst|date=4 April 2016|website=www.gruenderszene.de|access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quasar IV Encrypted Ninja Smartphone Goes Into Production, Despite Indiegogo Failure|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/09/quasar-iv-encrypted-ninja-smartphone-goes-into-production-despite-indiegogo-failure/?ncid=tcdaily|work=TechCrunch|publisher=Verizon Media|accessdate=October 10, 2013|author=Darrell Etherington|date=October 10, 2013}}</ref>
+In October 2013, [[Motorola Mobility]] announced [[Project Ara]], a concept for a [[modular smartphone]] platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that attached magnetically to a frame.<ref>{{cite web|last=Byford|first=Sam|title=Motorola reveals ambitious plan to build modular smartphones|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/29/5041336/motorola-project-ara-modular-smartphones|work=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Musil|first=Steven|title=Motorola unveils Project Ara for custom smartphones|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57609735-94/motorola-unveils-project-ara-for-custom-smartphones/|work=CNET|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to [[Lenovo]],<ref name="wiredready">{{cite web|last1=Pierce|first1=David|title=Project Ara Lives: Google's Modular Phone Is Ready for You Now|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/project-ara-lives-googles-modular-phone-is-ready/|website=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref> but was shelved in 2016.<ref name="verge-cancelled">{{cite web|title=Google confirms the end of its modular Project Ara smartphone|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/2/12775922/google-project-ara-modular-phone-suspended-confirm|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> That year, LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the [[LG G5]] allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment,<ref name="ars-g5unveil">{{cite web|title=LG G5 hands-on—LG may have made the most innovative phone of MWC|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/02/lg-g5-hands-on-lg-may-have-made-the-most-innovative-phone-of-mwc/|website=Ars Technica|accessdate=21 February 2016}}</ref> while the [[Moto Z]] utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device.<ref name="cnet-motoz">{{cite web|title= Motorola's new Moto Z ditches the headphone jack, adds hot-swapping magnetic modular accessories |url= http://www.cnet.com/products/motorola-moto-z/ |website= CNET |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate= 9 June 2016}}</ref>
+==== 2014 ====
+Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its [[Windows 10 Mobile|Windows 10 operating system for phones]] that allows supported devices to be [[Docking station|docked]] for use with a PC-styled [[desktop environment]].<ref name="time-msw10">{{cite web|title=Inside Microsoft's Plan to Unlock the Full Power of Your Phone|url=http://time.com/4121314/microsoft-continuum/|website=Time.com|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=verge-displaydock>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Ross|title=Microsoft's new Display Dock transforms your Windows 10 mobile into a PC|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9453577/microsoft-display-dock-announced-price-release-date-continuum|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref>
+==== 2015 ====
+Samsung and LG used to be the ''“last standing”'' manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-replaceable batteries.
+But in 2015, Samsung succumbed to the [[minimalism]] trend set by Apple, introducing the [[Galaxy S6]] without a user-replaceable battery.
+In addition, Samsung was criticised for pruning long-standing features such as [[Mobile High-Definition Link |MHL]], Micro[[USB 3.0]], [[Waterproofing|water resistance]] and [[MicroSD]] card support, of which the latter two came back in 2016 with the [[Galaxy S7]] and S7 Edge.
+As of 2015, the global [[median]] for smartphone ownership was 43%.<ref>{{cite news|title=This map shows the percentage of people around the world who own smartphones|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-people-own-smartphones-around-the-world-2016-2?IR=T|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> [[Statista]] forecast that 2.87 billion people would own smartphones in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of smartphone users worldwide 2014-2020 {{!}} Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/|website=Statista|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref>
+==== 2016 ====
+Major technologies that began to trend in 2016 included a focus on [[virtual reality]] and [[augmented reality]] experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced [[USB-C]] connector, and improving LTE technologies.<ref name="pcw-2016trends">{{cite web|title=7 exciting smartphone trends to watch in 2016: VR, super-fast LTE, and more|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3030317/phones/7-smartphone-trends-to-watch-this-year.html|website=PC World|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref>
+==== 2018 ====
+In 2018, the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within [[OLED]] displays were announced, followed in 2019 by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the [[Samsung Galaxy S10]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/1/9/16867536/vivo-fingerprint-reader-integrated-display-biometric-ces-2018|title=I tried the first phone with an in-display fingerprint sensor|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref name="verge-s10unveil">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/20/18232248/samsung-galaxy-s10-plus-camera-price-release-date-features-size-photos-hands-on-video|title=Samsung officially announces the Galaxy S10 and S10 Plus, starting at $899|last=Seifert|first=Dan|date=2019-02-20|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>
+==== 2019 ====
+In 2019, the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with IP67 and IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telcoworld.com.au/news-blog/seven-new-smartphone-features-for-2019/|title=Seven New Smartphone Features For 2019 - TelcoWorld Corp. Melbourne Mobile Phone Repairs}}</ref>
+== Hardware ==
+{{Main|Mobile phone features}}
+A typical smartphone contains a number of [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chips,<ref name="Kim">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Woonyun |chapter=CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS |editor-last1=Wang |editor-first1=Hua |editor-last2=Sengupta |editor-first2=Kaushik |title=RF and mm-Wave Power Generation in Silicon |date=2015 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-409522-9 |pages=89–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89}}</ref> which in turn contain billions of tiny [[MOSFET|MOS field-effect transistors]] (MOSFETs).<ref name="uspto"/> A typical smartphone contains the following MOS IC chips.<ref name="Kim"/>
+*[[Microprocessor|Application processor]] ([[CMOS]] [[system-on-a-chip]])
+*[[Flash memory]] ([[floating-gate]] [[MOS memory]])
+*[[Cellular modem]] ([[baseband]] [[RF CMOS]])
+*[[RF transceiver]] ([[RF CMOS]])
+*[[Phone camera]] [[image sensor]] ([[CMOS image sensor]])
+*[[Power management integrated circuit]] ([[power MOSFET]]s)
+*[[Display driver]] ([[LCD]] or [[LED driver]])
+*[[Wireless communication]] chips ([[Wi-Fi]], [[Bluetooth]], [[GPS receiver]])
+*[[Sound chip]] ([[audio codec]] and [[power amplifier]])
+*[[Gyroscope]]
+*[[Capacitive sensing|Capacitive]] [[touchscreen]] controller ([[ASIC]] and [[Digital signal processor|DSP]])<ref name="Kim"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Joel |title=Touchscreen technology basics & a new development |journal=CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference |date=May 2010 |volume=6 |pages=1–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&pg=PA34 |publisher=CMOS Emerging Technologies Research|isbn=9781927500057 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganapati |first1=Priya |title=Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |accessdate=9 November 2019 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=5 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114207/www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/ |archivedate=2014-05-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+*[[RF power amplifier]] ([[LDMOS]])<ref name="Baliga2005"/><ref name="Asif"/><ref name="NXP-LDMOS">{{cite web |title=LDMOS Products and Solutions |url=https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol |website=[[NXP Semiconductors]] |accessdate=4 December 2019}}</ref>
+* A hardware [[notification LED]] on some phones
+===Central processing unit===
+Smartphones have [[central processing unit]]s (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments. In smartphones, the CPU is typically integrated in a [[CMOS]] (complementary [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]]) [[system-on-a-chip]] (SoC) [[microprocessor|application processor]].<ref name="Kim"/>
+The performance of mobile CPU depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of [[hertz]])<ref>{{cite web
+ | title = CPU Frequency
+ | work = CPU World Glossary
+ | publisher = CPU World
+ | date = 25 March 2008
+ | url = http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html
+ | accessdate =1 January 2010 }}</ref> but also on the [[memory hierarchy]]. Because of these challenges, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.
+===Display===
+{{main|Display device}}
+[[File:Livraria do Senado (22622160063).jpg|thumb|A smartphone touchscreen]]
+One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the [[Display device|screen]]. Depending on the device's design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] of [[16:9]], but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017.
+Screen sizes are measured in diagonal [[inch]]es. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called "[[phablet]]s". Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands.  Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.<ref name="phonearena-s7edgenotphablet">{{cite web|title=Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5" Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2" devices|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galaxy-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482|website=PhoneArena|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="verge-phabletpytha">{{cite web|title=We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017|url=https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6|website=The Verge|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="verge-s8aspectratio">{{cite web|title=The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison|website=The Verge|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref>
+[[Liquid-crystal display]]s (LCDs) and [[organic light-emitting diode]] (OLED) displays are the most common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by [[Wacom (company)|Wacom]] and [[Samsung]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=J. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=M. J.|date=1987-04-01|title=Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface|journal=IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications|volume=7|issue=4|pages=31–44|doi=10.1109/MCG.1987.276869|issn=0272-1716}}</ref> and Apple's [[Force Touch]] system.
+===Sound===
+Some audio quality enhancing features, such as [[Voice over LTE]] and [[HD Voice]] have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in [[long-distance call]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it|title=Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It|author=Jeff Hecht|work=ieee.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible|title=Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?|author=Elena Malykhina|work=scientificamerican.com}}</ref>  Audio quality can be improved using a [[VoIP]] application over [[WiFi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/whats-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681|title=What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?|author=Alan Henry|publisher=Gawker Media|work=Lifehacker}}</ref> Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a [[speakerphone]] feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear.
+===Battery===
+[[File:USB battery charger.jpg|thumb|A high-capacity portable [[battery charger]].]]
+A smartphone typically uses a [[lithium-ion battery]].<ref name="Williams"/><ref name="ieee"/><ref name="Sony-Energy"/> By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;<ref>{{cite web|title=6 phones with the best battery life|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-battery-life/|accessdate=October 31, 2017}}</ref> however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-customer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html|accessdate=September 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Kendrick |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/ |title=The secret behind poor smartphone battery life|work=ZDNet |date=August 4, 2014 |accessdate=November 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://techland.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-years/ |title=Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years|work=TIME.com | date=April 1, 2013}}</ref>
+Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external "battery packs". External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that "piggyback" onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the [[Galaxy Note 7]] smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/|title=Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas|date=May 5, 2017}}</ref>  For consumer convenience, [[inductive charging|wireless charging]] stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/|title=The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring|work=WIRED|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref>
+===Cameras===
+{{main|Camera phone|Digital camera|Videophone}}
+Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. As of 2019 phone cameras are now a highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.
+Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing camera for "[[selfie]]s" and [[video chat]]. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for [[image sensor]]s and [[Lens|optics]], rear-facing cameras are often housed in a "bump" that's thicker than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there's additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose ([[Telephoto lens|telephoto]], [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]], etc.).
+Images are usually saved in the [[JPEG]] file format; some high-end phones also have [[Raw image format|RAW]] image capability.
+Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with [[Image stabilization#Optical image stabilization|optical image stabilisation]] (OIS), larger sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus [[Raw image format|RAW]] images. [[High-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]], "[[Bokeh]] mode" with multi lenses and multi-shot [[Night mode camera|night mode]]s are now also familiar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019 |url=https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050 |date={{date|April 4, 2019}}}}</ref> Many new smartphone camera features are being enabled via [[computational photography]] [[Digital image processing|image processing]] and multiple specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.
+===Accessories===
+A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including cases, [[screen protector]]s, power charging cables, wireless power stations, [[USB On-The-Go]] adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), add-on batteries, [[headphones]], combined headphone-microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct [[Telephone call|call]]s on the device without holding it to the ear), and [[Bluetooth]]-enabled [[powered speaker]]s that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly.
+Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some "book"-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as [[wallet]]s.
+Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers.
+==Software==
+===Mobile operating systems===
+{{Main|Mobile operating system}}
+A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an [[operating system]] for phones, [[tablet computer|tablet]]s, [[smartwatch]]es, or other [[mobile device]]s.
+Mobile operating systems combine features of a [[personal computer]] operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a [[touchscreen]], [[Cellular network|cellular]], [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi Protected Access]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) mobile navigation, [[video camera|video-]] and [[digital camera|single-frame picture cameras]], [[speech recognition]], [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recorder]], [[portable media player|music player]], [[near field communication]], and [[infrared blaster]]. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running [[Android (operating system)|Android]], 14.1 percent running [[iOS]] and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=May 29, 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref> Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use.
+Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating systems{{snd}}the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary [[real-time operating system]] which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious [[base station]]s to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.<ref>Thom Holwerda, [[OSNews]], November 12, 2013, [http://www.osnews.com/story/27416/The_second_operating_system_hiding_in_every_mobile_phone The second operating system hiding in every mobile phone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113173925/http://www.osnews.com/story/27416/The_second_operating_system_hiding_in_every_mobile_phone |date=November 13, 2013 }}</ref>
+<!--
+The below list and subsequent details in it are unwarranted for the scope of this article. It is better replaced by a link to corresponding main article (see above). Even if any reason the below needs to be retained, a single paragraph summarising entire contents, should be enough.
+====Android====
+{{Main article|Android (operating system)}}
+[[File:Android OS.jpg|thumb|Several smartphones running Google's Android OS]]
+[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (based on the modified [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system developed by [[Google Inc.]]<ref name="OS MS 3Q10">{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010; Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent |date=November 10, 2010 |publisher=Gartner, Inc |at=Table 2 |accessdate=February 21, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113073826/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313 |archivedate=January 13, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Besides having the largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, it is also the most popular operating system for [[Turing machine|general purpose computers]] (a category that includes desktop computers and mobile devices), even though Android is not a popular operating system for regular (desktop) [[personal computer]]s (PCs). Although the Android operating system is [[free and open-source software]],<ref name="ICS is coming to AOSP">{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.com/group/android-building/msg/c0e01b4619a1455a |title=ICS is coming to AOSP}}</ref> in devices sold, much of the software [[Product bundling|bundled]] with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software) is [[proprietary software]] and closed source.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903011541/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ |date=September 3, 2013 }} [https://arstechnica.com/ Ars Technica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703174116/https://arstechnica.com/ |date=July 3, 2017 }}. Retrieved December 24, 2013.</ref>
+Android's releases before 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used exclusively on mobile phones. Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones but also some tablets, Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not officially run on mobile phones, while both phone and tablet compatibility was merged since Android 4.0. The current Android version is [[Android Pie|9.0 Pie]].
+Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert items, except for the first and second releases.
+Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own [[List_of_custom_Android_distributions|modified versions]] of the operating system.<ref name="guardianfrag">{{cite news|last=Arthur|first=Charles|title=Android fragmentation 'worse than ever' – but OpenSignal says that's good|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/android-fragmentation-visualised-opensignal|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=August 1, 2013|date=July 30, 2013}}</ref>
+====iOS====
+{{Main article|iOS}}
+[[iOS]] (formerly named iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system from [[Apple Inc.]] It has the second largest installed base worldwide on smartphones, but the largest profits, due to aggressive price competition between Android-based manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|title=Apple Took 89% Of Q4 Smartphone Profits With Android OEMs In A Race To The Bottom|first=Ingrid|last=Lunden|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715110736/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/26/apple-eating-all-the-profits/|archivedate=July 15, 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is closed source and proprietary, and is built on the open source [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system. The [[iPhone]], [[iPod Touch]], [[iPad]] and second or third-generation [[Apple TV]] all use [[iOS]], which is derived from [[macOS]].
+Native third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July 11, 2008. Before this, "[[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]]" allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.
+Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by [[Foxconn]] or another of Apple's partners.
+====Sailfish OS====
+{{main article|Sailfish OS}}
+[[Sailfish OS]] is from [[Jolla]]. It is open source with [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) for middleware stack core which comes from MER. Sailfish due to Jolla's business model and due to alliances with various partners and due to intentional design of OS internals, is capable to adopt in several layers third party software including Jolla software e.g. Jolla's UI is [[proprietary software]] (closed source), so such components can be proprietary with many different kinds of licences. However, user can replace them with open source components like e.g. NEMO UI instead Jolla's UI. Using third party software extends usability but does not make the OS code close, in the same way as preinstalled Microsoft Word (closed source) on a Linux device does not make Linux closed source.
+After Nokia abandoned in 2011 the [[MeeGo]] project, most of the MeeGo team left Nokia, and established Jolla as a company to use MeeGo and [[Mer (software distribution)|Mer]] business opportunities. The MER standard allows it to be launched on any hardware with kernel compatible with MER. In 2012, Linux Sailfish OS based on MeeGo and using middleware of MER core stack distribution was launched for public use. The first device, the [[Jolla (mobile phone)|Jolla smartphone]], was unveiled on May 20, 2013. In 2015, [[Jolla Tablet]] was launched and the [[BRICS]] countries declared it an officially supported OS there. Jolla started licensing Sailfish OS 2.0 for third parties. Some devices sold are updateable to Sailfish 2.0 with no limits.
+Each Sailfish OS version release is named after a Finnish lake.
+====Tizen====
+{{main article|Tizen}}
+[[Tizen]] (based on the [[Linux kernel]]) is a mobile operating system hosted by [[Linux Foundation]], together with support from the Tizen Association, guided by a Technical Steering Group composed of [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]].
+Tizen is an operating system for devices including smartphones, tablets, [[In-car entertainment|In-Vehicle Infotainment]] (IVI) devices, and smart TVs. It is an open source system (however the SDK was closed source and proprietary) that aims to offer a consistent user experience across devices. Tizen's main components are the Linux kernel and the [[WebKit]] runtime. According to Intel, Tizen "combines the best of LiMo and MeeGo." [[HTML5]] apps are emphasized, with MeeGo encouraging its members to transition to Tizen, stating that the "future belongs to HTML5-based applications, outside of a relatively small percentage of apps, and we are firmly convinced that our investment needs to shift toward HTML5." Tizen will be targeted at a variety of platforms such as handsets, touch pc, smart TVs and in-vehicle entertainment.<ref>[https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen Welcome to Tizen!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013071516/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/dawnfoster/2011/welcome-tizen |date=October 13, 2011 }}. Tizen.org (September 27, 2011). Retrieved on 2012-07-03.</ref><ref>Ricker, Thomas. (September 28, 2011)[http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ MeeGo is dead: Meet Tizen, another new open source OS based on Linux] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051802/http://thisismynext.com/2011/09/28/meego-dead-meet-tizen-open-source-os-based-linux/ |date=September 30, 2011 }}. Thisismynext.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-03.</ref> On May 17, 2013, Tizen released version 2.1, code-named Nectarine.<ref name="tizen2_1">{{cite web|url=https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|title=Tizen 2.1 SDK and Source Code Release|publisher=Tizen.org|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730123852/https://www.tizen.org/blogs/tsg/2013/tizen-2.1-sdk-and-source-code-release|archivedate=July 30, 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> While Tizen itself was open source, most of the UX and UI layer that developed by Samsung was mainly closed source and proprietary, such as the TouchWiz UI on the Samsung Z's series smartphone.
+====Ubuntu Touch====
+{{main article|Ubuntu Touch}}
+[[Ubuntu Touch]] is from [[Canonical Ltd.]]. It is open source and uses the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license.<ref name="tizen2_1"/> The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an [[LXC]] container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|title=ContainerArchitecture|accessdate=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture|archivedate=October 31, 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Though Canonical formally announced it was discontinuing the Ubuntu mobile OS with its integral component [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for cloud and IoT, rather than phone and convergence|accessdate=27 September 2018|date=5 April 2017|}}</ref>, the independent German non-profit UBPorts Community/("Foundation" paperwork pending in the local Berlin-government) decided to takeover the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/blog/ubports-blog-1/post/is-ubuntu-touch-dead-56|title=Is Ubuntu Touch Dead?|accessdate=27 September 2018|date=5 January 2017|}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ubports.com/foundation/ubports-foundation|title=The UBports Foundation *: Details about the foundation|accessdate=27 September 2018|date=19 June 2018|}}</ref> Canonical started Ubuntu Touch based on [[Ubuntu]] [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_15.04_(Vivid_Vervet)|15.04 (Vivid Vervet)]] and UBPorts upgraded the base to the nearest, current long-term support version Ubuntu [[Ubuntu_version_history#Ubuntu_16.04_LTS_(Xenial_Xerus)|16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].
+====Discontinued operating systems====
+=====Bada=====
+{{main article|Bada}}
+[[Bada]] platform (stylized as bada; Korean: 바다) was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Its name is derived from "바다 (bada)", meaning "ocean" or "sea" in Korean. It ranges from mid- to high-end smartphones. To foster adoption of Bada OS, since 2011 Samsung reportedly has considered releasing the source code under an open-source license, and expanding device support to include Smart TVs. Samsung announced in June 2012 intentions to merge Bada into the Tizen project, but would meanwhile use its own Bada operating system, in parallel with Google Android OS and Microsoft Windows Phone, for its smartphones. All Bada-powered devices are branded under the Wave name, but not all of Samsung's Android-powered devices are branded under the name Galaxy.
+On February 25, 2013, Samsung announced that it will stop developing Bada, moving development to [[Tizen]] instead. Bug reporting was finally terminated in April 2014.<ref>[http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 Samsung scraps Bada OS, folds it into Tizen – FierceMobileIT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228062542/http://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/samsung-scraps-bada-os-folds-it-tizen/2013-02-25 |date=February 28, 2013 }}. Fiercemobilecontent.com (February 25, 2013). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.</ref>
+=====BlackBerry 10=====
+[[BlackBerry 10]] (based on the [[QNX]] OS) is from [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]]. As a smartphone OS, it is closed source and proprietary, and runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.
+One of the dominant platforms in the world in late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update]|first1=Patrick O'RourkeJan|last1=4|first2=201711:25 AM EST41|last2=comments|date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/|archivedate=January 5, 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="IDC.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC|date=February 24, 2015|work=IDC.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615|archivedate=February 25, 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not received any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.
+=====Firefox OS=====
+{{main article|Firefox OS}}
+[[Firefox OS]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |title=B2G – MozillaWiki |publisher=mozilla.org |date=August 24, 2011 |accessdate=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807222134/https://wiki.mozilla.org/B2G |archivedate=August 7, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is from [[Mozilla]]. It was an open source mobile operating system released under the [[Mozilla Public License]] built on the Android Linux kernel and used Android drivers, but did not use any Java-like code of Android.
+According to [[Ars Technica]], "Mozilla says that B2G is motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the standards-based open Web has the potential to be a competitive alternative to the existing single-vendor application development stacks offered by the dominant mobile operating systems."<ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |title=Mozilla eyes mobile OS landscape with new Boot to Gecko project |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=July 25, 2011 |accessdate=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912005225/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2011/07/mozilla-eyes-mobile-os-landscape-with-new-boot-to-gecko-project.ars |archivedate=September 12, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In September 2016, Mozilla announced that work on Firefox OS has ceased, and all B2G-related code would be removed from mozilla-central.<ref>{{Cite web |title= B2G OS and Gecko Announcement from Ari Jaaksi & David Bryant |url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |accessdate= September 27, 2016 |date= September 27, 2016 |url-status= live |archiveurl= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/mozilla.dev.fxos/FoAwifahNPY/Lppm0VHVBAAJ |archivedate= January 22, 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+=====MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin =====
+{{main article|MeeGo|Maemo|Moblin}}
+[[MeeGo (operating system)|MeeGo]] was from non-profit organization [[The Linux Foundation]]. It is open source and GPL. At the 2010 [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona, [[Nokia]] and [[Intel]] both unveiled ''MeeGo'', a mobile operating system that combined [[Moblin]] and Maemo to create an open-sourced experience for users across all devices. In 2011 Nokia announced that it would no longer pursue MeeGo in favor of Windows Phone. Nokia announced the [[Nokia N9]] on June 21, 2011 at the Nokia Connection event<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/21/introducing-the-nokia-n9-all-it-takes-is-a-swipe/ |title=Introducing the Nokia N9: all it takes is a swipe! &#124; Nokia Conversations – The official Nokia Blog |publisher=Nokia |date=June 21, 2011 |accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref> in Singapore. LG announced its support for the platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |title=MeeGo Not Dead Yet as LG Continues the Charge — Mobile Technology News |publisher=Gigaom.com |date=April 29, 2011 |accessdate=September 7, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829160853/http://gigaom.com/mobile/meego-not-dead-yet-as-lg-continues-the-charge/ |archivedate=August 29, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Maemo]] was a platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and [[Internet tablet]]s. It is open source and GPL, based on [[Debian GNU/Linux]] and draws much of its [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), [[Software framework|frameworks]], and [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from the GNOME project. It uses the [[Matchbox (window manager)|Matchbox]] window manager and the [[GTK]]-based [[Hildon]] as its GUI and [[application framework]].
+=====Palm OS=====
+{{main article|Palm OS}}
+[[File:Treo 300.jpg|thumb|A [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]] Treo 300 smartphone (2002)]]
+[[Palm OS]]/Garnet OS was from [[Access Co.]] It is closed source and proprietary. [[webOS]] was introduced by Palm in January 2009, as the successor to Palm OS with Web 2.0 technologies, [[open architecture]] and multitasking abilities.
+=====Symbian=====
+{{Main article|Symbian}}
+[[File:Nokia N70 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Nokia N70]] smartphone (2005) running [[Symbian]] OS, which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s]]
+The [[Symbian]] platform was developed by [[Nokia]] for some models of smartphones. It is proprietary software, it was however used by Ericsson (SonyEricsson), Sending and Benq. The operating system was discontinued in 2012, although a slimmed-down version for basic phones was still developed until July 2014. Microsoft officially shelved the platform in favor of Windows Phone after its acquisition of Nokia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|title=Microsoft is killing off Nokia’s feature phones in favor of Windows Phone|date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154613/https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5912289/microsoft-kills-feature-phones-in-favor-of-windows-phone|archivedate=August 8, 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+=====webOS=====
+{{main article|webOS}}
+[[webOS]] was developed by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. webOS is an open source mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm, which launched with the [[Palm Pre]]. After being acquired by HP, two phones (the [[HP Veer|Veer]] and the [[HP Pre 3|Pre 3]]) and a tablet (the [[HP TouchPad|TouchPad]]) running webOS were introduced in 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that webOS hardware would be discontinued,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |title=HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination; Makes Other Announcements |publisher=HP |date=August 18, 2010 |accessdate=September 13, 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006182519/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/110818b.html?mtxs=rss-corp-news |archivedate=October 6, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |title=The next chapter for webOS |publisher=HP webOS Developer Blog |date=August 19, 2010 |accessdate=September 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924172749/http://developer.palm.com/blog/2011/08/the-next-chapter-for-webos/ |archivedate=September 24, 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS, and plans to update it with additional features.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap/#.UIgNYMXA-So |title=Open webOS::Roadmap |publisher=Open webOS Project |date=September 2012 |accessdate=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029145336/http://www.openwebosproject.org/discover/roadmap#.UIgNYMXA-So |archivedate=October 29, 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On February 25, 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to [[LG Electronics]], who used the operating system for its "smart" or Internet-connected TVs. However, HP retained patents underlying WebOS and cloud-based services such as the App Catalog.
+=====Windows 10 Mobile=====
+[[Windows 10 Mobile]] (formerly called [[Windows Phone]]) is from [[Microsoft]]. It is closed source and proprietary.
+Unveiled on February 15, 2010, Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft's [[Metro Design Language]]. It is integrated with Microsoft services such as [[OneDrive]] and Office, [[Xbox Music]], [[Xbox Video]], [[Xbox Live]] games and [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]], but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as [[Facebook]] and [[Google Account|Google accounts]]. Windows Phone devices were made primarily by [[Microsoft Mobile]]/[[Nokia]], and also by [[HTC]] and [[Samsung]].
+On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with [[Windows 10 Mobile]], bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart [[Windows 10]], and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches.
+In October 2017, Microsoft officially announced that they would no longer push any major updates to Windows 10 Mobile, instead it would put it in maintenance mode, where Microsoft would push bug fixes and general improvements only, therefore Windows 10 Mobile would not receive any new feature updates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/257174-microsoft-admits-windows-10-mobile-finally-mercifully-dead|title=Microsoft Admits Windows 10 Mobile Is Finally, Mercifully Dead|first=Joel|last=Hruska|website=www.extremetech.com|date=9 October 2017|accessdate=3 April 2018}}</ref>
+-->
+===Mobile app===
+{{main|Mobile app}}
+A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term "app" is a short-form of the term "software application".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2011-3|title=What The Heck Is An "App"?|first=Small Business|last=Trends|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
+===Application stores===
+{{Main|List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices}}
+The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted [[list of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices|online distribution]] for third-party applications ([[software]] and [[computer programs]]) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including [[video game]]s, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on [[List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices#Third-party platforms|third-party sources]] providing applications for multiple platforms, such as [[GetJar]], [[Handango]], [[Handmark]], and [[PocketGear]]. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's [[BlackBerry App World]] and Android-related app stores like [[F-Droid]]. In February 2014, 93% of [[mobile developers]] were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.<ref>[http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |date=June 29, 2016 }}. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2015.</ref>
+==Sales==
+Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos|url=http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/|work=GIGAOM|publisher=GIGAOM|accessdate=June 27, 2013|author=Erica Ogg|date=December 22, 2011}}</ref> In September 2012, a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.<ref>{{cite web|title=comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobile-retailer/|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc|accessdate=June 27, 2013|author=Leena Rao|date=September 19, 2012}}</ref> Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.<ref name="news1"/> Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-smartphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html|title=We’re No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We’re in the Smartphone Decline.|author=Jake Swearingen|date=December 4, 2018|website=[[New York Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |accessdate=January 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514 |archive-date=January 31, 2014}}</ref> In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent [[:wikt:year-over-year|year on year]]. The situation was caused by the maturing China market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-market-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/ |title=It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever |author=Daniel van Boom |date=April 27, 2016}}</ref> A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have bought $1,000+ smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without introducing particularly innovative features, and amid [[Huawei]], [[Oppo]] and [[Xiaomi]] introducing products with similar feature sets for lower prices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung-and-huawei/|title=As smartphone sales decline again, Apple may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei|author=Daphne Leprince-Ringuet|date=November 26, 2019|website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-americans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/|title=Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000 smartphones, report says|author=Samuel Axon|date=December 11, 2019|website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-change-2019-12|title=Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry|author=Lisa Eadicicco|date=December 12, 2019|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_india-news-39917.php|title=Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India|website=GSMArena.com}}</ref>  It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counterpoint-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/|title=Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?|author=Alan Weissberger|date=November 8, 2019|website=[[IEEE Communications Society]] Technology Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline|title=Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline'|author=Steve McCaskill|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[TechRadar]]}}</ref>
+===By manufacturer===
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Worldwide smartphones producers market share
+|-
+!|Source
+!|Date
+!|[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
+!|[[Apple Inc.]]
+!|[[Huawei]]
+!|[[Xiaomi]]
+!|[[Oppo Electronics|Oppo]]
+!|Others
+!|Reference
+|-
+| [[Gartner]] || Q4 2019 || 17.3% || 17.1% || 14.3% || 8.0% || 7.5%  || 35.8% ||<ref name="Gartner01">{{cite web | url = https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-03-03-gartner-says-global-smartphone-sales-fell-slightly-in| title = Gartner Says Global Smartphone Sales Fell Slightly in the Fourth Quarter of 2019  | publisher = Gartner | accessdate = March 3, 2020}}</ref>
+|-
+| [[International Data Corporation|IDC]] || Q2 2018 || 21.0% || 12.1% || 15.9% || 9.5% || 8.6% || 32.9% ||<ref name="IDCQ2">{{cite web | url = http://www.idc.com/promo/smartphone-market-share/vendor | title =Top Five Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, Q2 2018 | publisher = International Data Corporation | accessdate = November 11, 2018}}</ref>
+|-
+|-
+| Counterpoint Research || Q3 2019 || 21% || 12% || 18% || 8% || 9% || 21% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-smartphone-share/|title=Global Smartphone Market Share: By Quarter|date=November 29, 2019}}</ref>
+|-
+|}
+In 2011, Samsung had the highest shipment [[market share]] worldwide, followed by Apple. In 2013, Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5% each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36–92%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-may-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/ |title=Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask |work=[[Engadget]] |author=Jon Fingas |date=January 28, 2014}}</ref> In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-shipments-q1-2014/|title= Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC|author= Steven Millward|date= May 13, 2014|accessdate= September 9, 2014|work= Tech In Asia}}</ref> In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.<ref name="brett">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-smartphones/24320385/|title=Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales|author=Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY|date=March 3, 2015|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had 12.9%.<ref name="Gartner01"/> In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, [[Oppo]] with 25.5 million and Vivo with 22.7 million.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/|title= 6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese|author= Frank Hersey|date=2017-07-04|accessdate= 2017-07-07|work= technode}}</ref>
+Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dunn|first=Jeff|date=2017-02-28|title=Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> [[Realme]], a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and Honor, a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth as of 2019, amid growing Chinese nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/10/30/huawei-shoots-up-66-as-apple-plummets-china-has-given-its-blacklist-verdict/|title=Huawei Shoots Up 66% As Apple Plummets: China Has Given Its Blacklist Verdict|first=Zak|last=Doffman|website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-for-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/amp/|title= Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese Smartphone Market|author=‌Argam Artashyan|date=December 12, 2019|website=GizChina}}</ref> In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share in 5G smartphones while 5G smartphones had 1% of market share in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/uk/amp/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones|title=Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones &#124; TechRadar|website=www.techradar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/5g-phones-account-for-less-than-1-of-sales-in-china/|title=5G phones account for less than 1% of sales in China|first=Cyrus|last=Lee|website=ZDNet}}</ref>
+Research has shown that iPhones are commonly associated with wealth, and that the average iPhone user has 40% more annual income than the average Android user.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comscore.com/ita/Public-Relations/Infographics/iPhone-Users-Earn-Higher-Income-Engage-More-on-Apps-than-Android-Users|title=iPhone Users Earn Higher Income, Engage More on Apps than Android Users|website=Comscore, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/want-to-appear-rich-buy-an-iphone-1827431776|title=Want to Appear Rich? Buy an iPhone|website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Women are more likely than men to own an iPhone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html|url-access=registration|title=Women more likely to own an iPhone than men|first=Rhiannon|last=Williams|date=January 9, 2015|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> TrendForce predicts that foldable phones will start to become popular in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.trendforce.com/press/20190307-3218.html|title=Breakthrough in Foldable Phone Penetration Rate Begins in 2021; Flexible AMOLED Panels are Key, Says TrendForce|website=press.trendforce.com}}</ref>
+===By operating system===
+{{further|Mobile operating system#By operating system}}
+==Use==
+{{see also|Mobile phone#Use}}
+===Mobile banking and payment===
+{{main|Mobile banking|Mobile payment}}
+{{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}
+[[File:Mobile payment 01.jpg|thumb|Mobile payment system.]]
+In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide [[mobile banking]] services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's [[M-PESA]] mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator [[Safaricom]] to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.
+[[Branchless banking]] has been successful in South Africa and the [[Philippines]]. A pilot project in [[Bali]] was launched in 2011 by the [[International Finance Corporation]] and an [[Indonesia]]n bank, [[Bank Mandiri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/branchless-banking-start-bali.html |title=Branchless banking to start in Bali |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=13 April 2012 |accessdate=4 June 2012}}</ref>
+Another application of mobile banking technology is [[Zidisha]], a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia/ |title="Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010 |publisher=Microfinancefocus.com |date=7 February 2010 |accessdate=4 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia |archivedate=21 September 2012 }}</ref>
+Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in [[Espoo]] were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators [[Globe Telecom|Globe]] and [[Smart Communications|Smart]].
+Some mobile phones can make [[mobile payment]]s via direct mobile billing schemes, or through [[contactless payment]]s if the phone and the [[point of sale]] support [[near field communication]] (NFC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |title=Mobile Payments: Look to Korea |author=Feig, Nancy |publisher=banktech.com |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.html |archivedate=26 March 2010 }}</ref> Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2010 |title=NFC mobile phone set to explode |author=Ready, Sarah |publisher=connectedplanetonline.com |date=10 November 2009 |accessdate=29 January 2011 }}
+</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/ |title=VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments |author= Tofel, Kevin C. |publisher=gigaom.com |date=20 August 2010 | accessdate=21 January 2011}}</ref>
+===Facsimile===
+Some [[mobile apps|apps]] allows for sending and receiving [[Fax|facsimile (Fax)]], over a smartphone, including facsimile data (composed of raster [[Binary image|bi-level]] graphics) generated directly and digitally from [[Document file format|document]] and [[Image file formats|image]] file formats.
+===Convergence with other devices===
+{{see also|Technological convergence}}
+The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with rapidly advancing [[Cellular network|network]], [[mobile processor]], and [[Computer data storage|storage]] technologies led to a [[Technological convergence|convergence]] where separate [[mobile phone]]s, [[Personal organizer|organizer]]s, and [[portable media player]]s were replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10 Reasons Why |url=http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overtake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/ |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=2013-08-15 |first=Don |last=Reisinger }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415 |title=Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First Time |author=Rob van der Meulen & Janessa Rivera |date=14 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-first-time-worldwide/ |title=Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time |author=Cyrus Farivar |date=14 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=CompTIA Strata Study Guide |author=Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location= |isbn=978-0-470-97742-2 |page=140 |accessdate=July 5, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&pg=PA140&dq=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete#v=onepage&=%22Personal%20digital%20assistant%22%20obsolete&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,20062.html|title=Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3 Players|work=Tom's Hardware|date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|title=PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec|last=Yu|first=Emily|publisher=EE Times Asia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM|archivedate=23 April 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=3 October 2007}}</ref> Advances in [[Image sensor|digital camera sensor]]s and on-device [[Digital image processing|image processing]] software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler [[Point-and-shoot camera|camera]]s for photographs and video recording.<ref name="SmartphonesKillingPoint-and-shoots"/> The built-in [[Global navigation satellite systems|GPS]] capabilities and [[List of online map services|mapping]] apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone [[satellite navigation]] [[Personal navigation assistant#Market developments|devices]], and paper [[Road map|map]]s became less common.<ref name="SmartphonesTollonGPS"/> [[Mobile gaming]] on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wijman |first1=Tom |title=Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018|url=https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/|website=newzoo.com|publisher=Newzoo|date=30 April 2018|accessdate=12 July 2018}}</ref> allowing many people to use them in place of [[handheld game consoles]], and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone hardware and software.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&lc=en#view=features_specifications |title=Xperia Play {{!}} PlayStation certified Android mobile |accessdate={{Date |2011-02-14|mdy}} |publisher=Sony Ericsson |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&lc=en |archivedate=August 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review|title=Android handheld of the future. Not today.|last=Lowe|first=Scott|website=IGN|date=July 30, 2013|accessdate=July 31, 2013}}</ref> People frequently have chosen not to get [[Landline|fixed-line telephone service]] in favor of smartphones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|title=Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones|work=[[CBS News]]|date=4 May 2017|accessdate=30 May 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/|archivedate=16 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|title=The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013|publisher=Statistics Canada|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm|archivedate=2014-10-23}}</ref> [[Streaming media#Music streaming platforms|Music streaming]] apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite [[Radio receiver|radio]]. [[Streaming media|Streaming video]] services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching [[television]]. People have often stopped wearing [[wristwatch]]es in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of [[alarm clock]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing? |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vvbj3m/why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing |website=Motherboard.vice.com |publisher=Motherboard |accessdate=16 August 2018 |language=en-us |date=10 April 2015}}</ref>
+Additionally, [[Global Internet usage#Broadband usage|in many lesser technologically developed regions]] smartphones are people's first and only means of [[Mobile broadband|Internet access]] due to their portability,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx|title=ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016|publisher=Telecommunication Development Bureau, [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)|access-date=2015-05-24}}</ref> with [[personal computer]]s being relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send them via email or [[Text messaging|messaging]] in place of using [[fax]] (facsimile) machines. [[Mobile payment|Payment apps and services]] on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. [[Mobile banking]] apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] or teller. [[Guide book]] apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated [[Audio tour#Smartphone tours|audio guide]] equipment.
+==Criticism and issues==
+===Social impacts===
+{{Main|Problematic smartphone use}}
+In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[Safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|accessdate=2016-01-18}}</ref> A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[Stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].<ref name=Colaner>{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|accessdate=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | url = | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002}}</ref> A "[[smombie]]" (a combination of "smartphone" and "[[zombie]]") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.<ref name="sunday-times">{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | accessdate=23 February 2016 }}</ref> The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in [[Chongqing]], [[China]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | accessdate=23 February 2016 }}</ref> The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg, Germany]] to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.<ref>Rick Noack (April 25, 2016) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don’t have to look up] [[The Washington Post]]. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</ref>
+===While driving===
+{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}
+[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
+[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]
+Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.<ref name=post>{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}</ref> Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states, only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned, while hands-free use is permitted.
+A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last = Atchley|first = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|pages=134–142}}</ref>
+The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle}}</ref>{{dead link|date=December 2019}} Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
+[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]<!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--> in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm]]
+A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html}}</ref> In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}</ref> A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf |title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group  |journal = Social Science Computer Review |doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 |volume=28 |year=2010 |pages=336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas}}</ref>
+Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of [[£]]60.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices.  New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/08/06/illinois.texting.ban/index.html | work=CNN | title=Illinois to ban texting while driving - CNN.com | accessdate=May 12, 2010 | date=August 6, 2009}}</ref> As of July 2010, 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15.<ref name="Courier-Journal">{{cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20100714/NEWS01/7140399/1008/NEWS01/Texting+while+driving+ban++other+new+Kentucky+laws+take+effect+Thursday |title=Texting while driving ban, other new Kentucky laws take effect today |first=Stephanie |last=Steitzer |newspaper=[[The Courier-Journal]] |date=July 14, 2010 |accessdate=July 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130119183044/http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20100714/NEWS01/7140399/1008/NEWS01/Texting+while+driving+ban++other+new+Kentucky+laws+take+effect+Thursday |archivedate=January 19, 2013 }}</ref>
+[[Public Health Law Research]] maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |accessdate=2014-06-27}}</ref>
+===Legal===
+{{Main|Smartphone wars}}
+A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider "patent wars"]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on [[Mobile operating system|smartphone OSes]] such as [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]], has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.
+===Medical===
+{{Main|Mobile app}}
+With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal   | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/935893cdd8c1a22f64333ab781beed2dfc429be7| journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 }}</ref>
+===Security===
+{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}
+Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure [[app store]].<ref name="Juniper-malware">[http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way].</ref><ref name=trustbus11>{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|author=Mylonas Alexios |author2=Tsoumas Bill |author3=Dritsas Stelios |author4=Gritzalis Dimitris }}</ref>  Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |accessdate=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archivedate=August 10, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.<ref name="Lookout-malware">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |accessdate=January 5, 2012}}</ref> As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner}}</ref> In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|accessdate=2016-01-18}}</ref>
+Leaked documents published by [[WikiLeaks]], codenamed [[Vault 7]] and dated from 2013–2016, detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|work=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|author1=Murugiah P. Souppaya|author2=Karen A. Scarfone|id=Special Publication (NIST SP) - 800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}</ref> and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}</ref>
+===Sleep===
+{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}
+Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, "Night Mode" functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|accessdate=January 15, 2016}}</ref> [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as "[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]." Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |website= |date={{date|July 17, 2019}} |accessdate={{date|11/8/2019}}}}</ref>
+It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in "[[ego depletion]]." Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.<ref name="cnet-bluelight">{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>Kalsbeek, Andries (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing]'' Elsevier. pp. 382.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Luisa Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |accessdate=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |accessdate=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mahesh Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate=June 17, 2014}}</ref>
+==See also==
+{{Portal|Internet|Modern history}}
+{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
+* [[Comparison of smartphones]]
+* [[E-reader]]
+* [[Lists of mobile computers]]
+* [[List of mobile software distribution platforms]]
+* [[Media Transfer Protocol]]
+* [[Mobile Internet device]]
+* [[Portable media player]]
+* [[Second screen]]
+* [[Smartphone kill switch]]
+* [[Smartphone zombie]]
+{{div col end}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==External links==
+*{{commons-inline}}
+{{Computer sizes}}
+{{Mobile phones}}
+{{Table Mobile operating systems}}
+{{Telecommunications}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Smartphones]]
-[[Category:Computers]]
+[[Category:Cloud clients]]
-[[Category:Computer engineering]]
+[[Category:Consumer electronics]]
+[[Category:Information appliances]]
+[[Category:Mobile computers]]
+[[Category:Personal computing]]
+[[Category:Portable computers]]

Difference between revisions of "Smartphone"

Smartphone (view source)

Revision as of 15:53, 2 June 2020

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